Unsettled Issues Regarding Visual Communication Between Automated Vehicles and Other Road Users
Unsettled Issues Regarding Visual Communication Between Automated Vehicles and Other Road Users

Author: Sven Beiker

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2021-07-19

Total Pages: 22

ISBN-13: 1468608835

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As automated road vehicles begin their deployment into public traffic, they will need to interact with human driven vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, etc. This requires some form of communication between those automated vehicles (AVs) and other road users. Some of these communication modes (e.g., auditory, motion) were previously addressed in “Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users.” Unsettled Issues Regarding Visual Communication Between Automated Vehicles and Other Road Users focuses on visual communication and its balance of reach, clarity, and intuitiveness, and discusses how different visual modes (e.g., simple lights, rich text) can be used between AVs and other road users. A particular emphasis is put on standardization to highlight how uniformity and mass adoption increase communication efficacy. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2021016

Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users
Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users

Author: Sven Beiker

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2020-11-30

Total Pages: 28

ISBN-13: 1468602748

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The focus of this SAE EDGE™ Research Report is to address a topic overlooked by many who choose to view automated driving systems and AVs from a “10,000-foot” perspective: how automated vehicles (AVs) will actually communicate with other road users. Conventional (human-driven) vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians already have a functioning system of understating each other while on the move. Adding automated vehicles to the mix requires assessing the spectrum of existing modes of communication – both implicit and explicit, biological and technological, and how they will interact with each other in the real world. The impending deployment of AVs represents a major shift in the traditional approach to ground transportation; its effects will inevitably be felt by parties directly involved with the vehicle manufacturing and use and those that play roles in the mobility ecosystem (e.g., aftermarket and maintenance industries, infrastructure and planning organizations, automotive insurance providers, marketers, telecommunication companies). Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users brings together the multiple scenarios we are likely to see in a future not too far away and how they are likely to play out in practical ways. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2020023

Unsettled Issues in Remote Operation for On-road Driving Automation
Unsettled Issues in Remote Operation for On-road Driving Automation

Author: Sven Beiker

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2021-12-15

Total Pages: 32

ISBN-13: 1468604155

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On-road vehicles equipped with driving automation features—where a human might not be needed for operation on-board—are entering the mainstream public space. However, questions like “How safe is safe enough?” and “What to do if the system fails?” persist. This is where remote operation comes in, which is an additional layer to the automated driving system where a human remotely assists the so-called “driverless” vehicle in certain situations. Such remote-operation solutions introduce additional challenges and potential risks as the entire vehicle-network-human now needs to work together safely, effectively, and practically. Unsettled Issues in Remote Operation for On-road Driving Automation highlights technical questions (e.g., network latency, bandwidth, cyber security) and human aspects (e.g., workload, attentiveness, situational awareness) of remote operation and introduces evolving solutions. The report also discusses standards development and regulations—both of which are needed to provide frameworks for the deployment of driving automation with remote operation. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2021028

Autonomous Vehicle Technology
Autonomous Vehicle Technology

Author: James M. Anderson

Publisher: Rand Corporation

Published: 2014-01-10

Total Pages: 215

ISBN-13: 0833084372

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The automotive industry appears close to substantial change engendered by “self-driving” technologies. This technology offers the possibility of significant benefits to social welfare—saving lives; reducing crashes, congestion, fuel consumption, and pollution; increasing mobility for the disabled; and ultimately improving land use. This report is intended as a guide for state and federal policymakers on the many issues that this technology raises.

Reducing Human Driver Error and Setting Realistic Expectations with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
Reducing Human Driver Error and Setting Realistic Expectations with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

Author: Seth Chalmers

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2023-07-18

Total Pages: 48

ISBN-13: 1468606271

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Thousands die or are injured each year in automobile crashes. Reducing the number of these tragedies requires reframing our approach to vehicle- and human-based transportation mobility and depends on whether the mobility industry and individual human drivers take a more aggressive approach to saving lives and preventing injuries. Bringing automated driving systems technologies into the advanced driver assist systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle space will help humans drive more safely and better prepare us for automated vehicles (AVs). Reducing Human Driver Error and Setting Realistic Expectations with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems discusses the recent Partnership for Analytics Research in Traffic Safety report which shows that ADAS can indeed work. The path forward requires combining ADAS and ADS implementation with infrastructure engineering, law enforcement, education, emergency response, and public policy, with the goal of reaching zero deaths and serious injuries. It also requires fully embracing the US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration’s Safe System approach, backed by the addition of public policies that incorporate and expand ADAS’s role in achieving that safe system. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2023016

Unsettled Issues Concerning Semi-Automated Vehicles
Unsettled Issues Concerning Semi-Automated Vehicles

Author: Francesca Favaro

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2020-02-28

Total Pages: 32

ISBN-13: 1468601342

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Across the span of the SAE International-defined Levels of Driving Automation, human drivers occupy a diverse range of responsibilities and authority on the vehicle movement and the monitoring of the outside environment. From both a technological and a regulatory perspective, there is a gap that divides lower levels of automation (L1 through L3) and higher levels of automation (L4 and L5). For those vehicles that require the cooperation between a human driver and the autonomous technology, it is important to ascertain the safety consequences of such a design choice. It is also important to understand what the transition between automated driving and manual driving entails for the human driver, as well as for the surrounding traffic. This SAE EDGE™ Research Report investigates unsettled issues concerning what is commonly referred to as “semi-automation,” including an overview of the role of human drivers, the quantification of the “transition-to-manual” problem, the role played by L3 toward full automation, and regulatory and moral considerations surrounding the deployment of these vehicles. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the issues they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2020001

Unsettled Issues Regarding Policy Aspects of Automated Driving Systems
Unsettled Issues Regarding Policy Aspects of Automated Driving Systems

Author: Bob McQueen

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2020-08-31

Total Pages: 38

ISBN-13: 1468602047

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Automated driving systems (ADS) represent an area of considerable investment and activity within the transportation sphere. The potential impact of ADS on safety, efficiency, and user experience are extremely significant. To get the most from the technology, it is important to ensure that policies are developed to support the balance between achieving public sector objectives and supporting private sector innovation. This SAE EDGE™ Research Report explores the policy aspects related to ADS technology, explains the key stakeholders, identifies unsettled issues, and proposes a number of steps to move forward and improve the current situation. It is hoped that the report will provide a valuable resource to those involved in the definition of ADS policy from both public and private perspectives. It is also intended to serve as a resource for those involved in ADS planning and development and public sector staff involved in other aspects beyond ADS policy. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2020016

Interaction between Automated Vehicles and other Road Users
Interaction between Automated Vehicles and other Road Users

Author: Philipp Wintersberger

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2024-09-10

Total Pages: 151

ISBN-13: 2832550517

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An increasing number of automated vehicles will pervade our traffic systems in the future. The absence of a human driver requires these vehicles to communicate to, and interact with other traffic participants, such as vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists, and emerging mobility forms like eBikes or scooters), but potentially also drivers of manual vehicles. In this regard, various studies and concepts demonstrating so-called “external Human-Machine Interfaces” (eHMIs) have been presented in the past couple of years. Many of these works have investigated comparably simple scenarios, such as a single pedestrian aiming to cross the street when an automated vehicle is approaching. Although we still welcome such contributions, research in this area will have to take more complex situations into account. This drives the need for research addressing other situations involving groups of vulnerable road users and traffic participants, different scenarios including roundabouts or urban shared spaces, but also exploring the potential of communication and interaction beyond such classical situations to improve cooperation in traffic.

Unsettled Topics Concerning Human and Autonomous Vehicle Interaction
Unsettled Topics Concerning Human and Autonomous Vehicle Interaction

Author: Rahul Razdan

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2020-12-18

Total Pages: 24

ISBN-13: 1468602799

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This report examines the current interaction points between humans and autonomous systems, with a particular focus on advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), the requirements for human-machine interfaces as imposed by human perception, and finally, the progress being made to close the gap. Autonomous technology has the potential to benefit personal transportation, last-mile delivery, logistics, and many other mobility applications enormously. In many of these applications, the mobility infrastructure is a shared resource in which all the players must cooperate. In fact, the driving task has been described as a “tango” where we—as humans—cooperate naturally to enable a robust transportation system. Can autonomous systems participate in this tango? Does that even make sense? And if so, how do we make it happen? Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2020025

Unsettled Issues in Vehicle Autonomy, Artificial Intelligence, and Human-Machine Interaction
Unsettled Issues in Vehicle Autonomy, Artificial Intelligence, and Human-Machine Interaction

Author: Chen Fang

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2021-04-30

Total Pages: 30

ISBN-13: 1468603302

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Artificial intelligence (AI)-based solutions are slowly making their way into our daily lives, integrating with our processes to enhance our lifestyles. This is major a technological component regarding the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, as of today, no existing, consumer ready AV design has reached SAE Level 5 automation or fully integrates with the driver. Unsettled Issues in Vehicle Autonomy, AI and Human-Machine Interaction discusses vital issues related to AV interface design, diving into speech interaction, emotion detection and regulation, and driver trust. For each of these aspects, the report presents the current state of research and development, challenges, and solutions worth exploring. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2021010