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Author: Abdus Salam
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 1990-05-25
Total Pages: 155
ISBN-13: 0521371406
DOWNLOAD EBOOKPaul Adrian Maurice Dirac, one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century, died in 1984. His college, St John's College, Cambridge, generously endowed annual lectures to be held at Cambridge University in his memory. This 1990 volume includes an expanded version of the third Dirac Memorial Lecture presented by Abdus Salam.
Author: Robert Delbourgo
Publisher: World Scientific
Published: 2019-12-19
Total Pages: 176
ISBN-13: 9811210160
DOWNLOAD EBOOKDuring the last years of his life Einstein tried unsuccessfully to unify electromagnetic force with gravitational force geometrically. The nearest he got was through the ideas of Kaluza and Klein who appended a tiny fifth commuting coordinate to spacetime. Researchers have followed in those footsteps by adding at least six more such minuscule coordinates so as to incorporate the other forces of nature, culminating in string theory — which has unfortunately not met with experimental support. Other proposals have likewise failed or are still waiting to be confirmed experimentally.The author shows that one can successfully unify gravity with electromagnetism geometrically by adding a single complex anticommuting coordinate to spacetime, which can be associated with the property of 'electricity'. By adding extra four anticommuting properties ('chromicity' and 'neutrinicity'), associated with strong and weak interactions, one can get a unified picture of all the natural forces and particles including the 'standard model': The whole construct relies upon the full specification of events and automatically allows for replication of particle families. The monograph traces the history of attempts of unification before explaining the author's 'where-when-what' scheme.
Author: Chaul Ryu
Publisher: Publish America
Published: 2004
Total Pages: 0
ISBN-13: 9781413737493
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe Grand Unified Theory is the unification theory of the four fundamental forces of nature (gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force). It is through the interactions between these four forces of nature that everything in our universe is created, including our DNA and the cells that compose our body. Einstein spent much of the later part of his life trying to unify these forces, but without success. The grand unified theory is also called the theory of everything, because it is supposed to answer many fundamental questions about our universe. The questions such as, why does our universe exist? Why is our universe composed of three-dimensional space and not five or six? What is energy? Why is there conscious life in our universe? What is the function of life in the universal order?
Author: Abhijit Thakur
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Published: 2016-08-22
Total Pages: 200
ISBN-13: 9781537165295
DOWNLOAD EBOOK"For the first time real images of Photon, Electron, Positron, Neutrino, Proton and Neutron are released to World by Super Unified Theory" Super Unified Theory can explain everything, from Classical Physics to Relativity, from Standard Model to God Particle, from Gravitation to Nuclear Force, from Magnetism to Electric fields, from Electromagnetic radiation to Thermodynamics of Universe, from Cosmic Cycle to intricacies of Galactic activities, from structure of Universe to structure of Elementary Particle. "Super unified theory" has answers for everything debated along the centuries in field of physics, astronomy, particle physics and universe. Do you want to know? What is the structure of photon and their process Formation? What is the structure of electromagnetic radiation and how are they produced in Universe? What is the structure electron and site of their electric activity? How particle to wave transformation occurs in Universe? What is the structure of positron, neutrino, proton, and neutron? What are the representatives of magnetic field and electric field lines in at the level of structure of individual particle? Do we have a nuclear configuration representing electron configuration in nucleus? How was Universe before Big Bang? What is the structure of Universe and reason for its expansion? What is the definition of cosmic cycle? What is the origin of all forces and how gravity is applied? Super Unified Theory is major breakthrough in field of physics, particle physics and astronomy with gamut of discoveries ranging from photon structure to structure of Black Hole, From origin, application to unification of all fundamental forces, from structure of Universe to working model of cosmic cycle of creation, destruction and recreation. "A complete Book, which has unified all particles and all forces of Nature, Unbelievable but true because Nature is so simple and straightforward" Regards Abhijit Thakur
Author: Robert J. Heaston
Publisher:
Published: 1980
Total Pages: 15
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKUnification of the fundamental forces has been one of the great theoretical problems in physics in the twentieth century. Beginning in 1918 with Weyl and continuing through the last thirty-five years of Einstein's life, many different attempts were made to unify the electromagnetic and the gravitational forces. Moreover, since the four fundamental forces were first defined in the early forties, extensive efforts by numerous investigators have gone into measuring and attempting to unify two or more of these forces. This paper defines the four forces and discusses some of the difficulties in unifying the forces. A new approach to unification will be presented with a discussion of the consequences and predictions of this approach. The four fundamental forces are defined. These four forces are all that are necessary to characterize all phenomena. From an Army perspective, the strong force is only of interest in the basic structure of matter and in nuclear weapons effects. The electromagnetic force is involved in the structure of matter, all electronic devices, all chemical reactions, explosives, and propellants. The weak force occurs in nuclear weapons effects. The gravitational force becomes involved in every load carrying device and in the motion of aircraft, projectiles and missiles. Frequently, such as in a fuze, more than one force is involved. (Author).
Author: A. Zee
Publisher: World Scientific
Published: 1982
Total Pages: 630
ISBN-13: 9789971950149
DOWNLOAD EBOOKVol. 1. I. Introduction -- II. Review of the standard 123 theory -- III. Grand unification -- IV. SO(10) -- V. Exceptional unification -- VI. Reality and complexity of the world -- VII. Proton decay -- VIII. Family problem and orthogonal unification -- IX. Fermion mass hierarchy -- Vol. 2. X.A short course in cosmology -- XI. Genesis of matter -- XII. Introduction to the theory of galaxy formation -- XIII. Neutrinos and galaxies -- XIV. Monopoles and inflation -- XV. Hierarchy, technicolor, supersymmetry, and variations -- XVI. Invisible axions -- XVII. Composite quarks and leptons -- XVIII. Gravity and grand unification
Author: Abdus Salam
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 1990-05-25
Total Pages: 154
ISBN-13: 9780521371407
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis is an expanded version of the third Dirac Memorial Lecture, given in 1988 by the Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam. Salam's lecture presents an overview of the developments in modern particle physics from its inception at the turn of the century to the present theories seeking to unify all the fundamental forces. In addition, two previously unpublished lectures by Paul Dirac, and Werner Heisenberg are included. These lectures provide a fascinating insight into their approach to research and the developments in particle physics at that time. Nonspecialists, undergraduates and researchers will find this a fascinating book. It contains a clear introduction to the major themes of particle physics and cosmology by one of the most distinguished contemporary physicists.
Author: Abdus Salam
Publisher:
Published: 1989
Total Pages: 0
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor: Frank Close
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2023-11-23
Total Pages: 177
ISBN-13: 019287375X
DOWNLOAD EBOOKFollowing the discovery of the Higgs boson, Frank Close has produced this major revision to his classic and compelling introduction to the fundamental particles that make up the universe.
Author: M. D. Maia
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2011-06-14
Total Pages: 182
ISBN-13: 1441982736
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe Yang-Mills theory of gauge interactions is a prime example of interdisciplinary mathematics and advanced physics. Its historical development is a fascinating window into the ongoing struggle of mankind to understand nature. The discovery of gauge fields and their properties is the most formidable landmark of modern physics. The expression of the gauge field strength as the curvature associated to a given connection, places quantum field theory in the same geometrical footing as the gravitational field of general relativity which is naturally written in geometrical terms. The understanding of such geometrical property may help one day to write a unified field theory starting from symmetry principles. Of course, there are remarkable differences between the standard gauge fields and the gravitational field, which must be understood by mathematicians and physicists before attempting such unification. In particular, it is important to understand why gravitation is not a standard gauge field. This book presents an account of the geometrical properties of gauge field theory, while trying to keep the equilibrium between mathematics and physics. At the end we will introduce a similar approach to the gravitational field.
