The Use of Plant Protein as a Means of Improving Fish Growth Performance Through Its Larval Stage
The Use of Plant Protein as a Means of Improving Fish Growth Performance Through Its Larval Stage

Author: Connor Schwepe

Publisher:

Published: 2022

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Aquaculture is a significant contributor to the global food supply and continues to grow each year. However, the continued growth of the industry will be limited by its large reliance on marine resources, such as fishmeal (FM), which are needed to make formulated diets to feed farmed fish. Fishmeal is made from processed fish caught from the wild, and the growth of the industry and overfishing has put considerable pressure on wild populations that make the current level of use unsustainable. As an alternative to FM, several sources of plant protein (PP) are used to replace FM in diet formulations. One of the most common PP sources used in aquaculture diet formulation is soybean meal (SBM) which is widely available and of a lower cost. However, complete replacement of FM with SBM is currently limited, SBM (as well as many other PP sources) is less digestible than FM and has anti-nutritional factors that result in reduced growth in fish fed diets with high level of SBM. The purpose of this thesis was to improve the utilization of PP in larval fish in order to promote growth and development through the larval stage. In order to accomplish this, two experiments were performed. The first experiment (Chapter 2) was a feeding trial that examined how PP and other protein sources could be used as an enrichment that would improve the nutrient composition of live food and improve the development of larval zebrafish Danio rerio. Zebrafish larvae were provided with live food rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia spp. nauplii enriched with either 1) Spirulina spp. algae; 2) SBM; 3) Soy protein concentrate (SPC); 4) FM hydrolysate; 5) intact FM; or 6) an unenriched control. The enrichments represented marine and plant resources of varying quality. The first feeding larvae were fed ad libitum until they fully metamorphosed into a juvenile stage at 22 days post hatch (dph). Rotifers enriched with SBM had increased protein content compared to unenriched rotifers and the larvae fed the SBM-enriched live food showed longer body length than all other groups except SPC at the end of the trial. Additionally, the larvae fed SBM-enriched live food showed an upregulation of digestive enzyme chymotrypsin indicating a more developed digestive tract. This study indicates the effectiveness of SBM as a live food enrichment source that can improve larval development and growth. The second experiment (Chapter 3) was a nutritional programming (NP) study using Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Nutritional programming is a method where fish are fed PP in early life - considered a nutritional stimulus that allows them to better utilize PP in later life. The optimal time in larval fish development to induce NP is not known, so larval bass were programmed at different ages to determine at what stage NP is most effective. Three groups were programmed either from 6-15 dph with SBM-enriched Artemia nauplii (NPL), from 16-25 dph with formulated SBM-diet (NPD1) or from 26-35 dph with formulated SBM-diet (NPD2). A positive control received FM-based diet throughout the whole trial. When re-introduced to SBM later in life (100 dph) the NPL group showed highly improved growth compared to NPD1 and similar growth to the positive control. The growth of NPD2 achieved similar growth to NPL, but did not achieve similar growth to PC. Nutritional programming was not effective in NPD1 as growth was significantly reduced. This study showed that Largemouth bass can be successfully programmed to accept dietary SBM later in life right after mouth opening using SBM enriched live food in the larval stage. This timing of NP is preferable to programming with formulated diets at a later stage. The overall findings of this thesis show that SBM is an effective source of live food enrichment that can improve larval growth and induce effective NP. While high levels of SBM inclusion in formulated diets are not currently feasible for some fish throughout their entire life, the larval stage offers opportunities to improve the utilization of this raw material. In both zebrafish and Largemouth bass SBM was effectively utilized in the larval stage to support development. This was reflected in improved health status of the intestine and in improved growth of zebrafish who received enriched live food. Additionally, the Largemouth bass programming results give valuable insight into how NP can be better utilized so that more effective utilization of formulated SBM-diet can be achieved.

The Use of Nutritional Programming and Dipeptide Supplementation as a Means of Mitigating the Negative Effects of Plant Protein and Improving the Growth of Fish Fed with Plant-based Diets
The Use of Nutritional Programming and Dipeptide Supplementation as a Means of Mitigating the Negative Effects of Plant Protein and Improving the Growth of Fish Fed with Plant-based Diets

Author: Giovanni Molinari

Publisher:

Published: 2020

Total Pages: 174

ISBN-13:

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Currently aquaculture is the largest growing food sector in the world, however, its future growth is limited by its heavy reliance on fishmeal (FM). Overfishing of wild marine fish stocks used for FM is putting too much pressure on the stocks, making FM unsustainable as a dominant protein source as aquaculture continues to grow. Plant proteins (PP) are an ideal alternative to FM because of their wide availability and relatively low cost. Soybean meal (SBM) is the most commonly used PP in aquaculture, but its inclusion in feeds is limited due to reduced digestibility and the presence of antinutritional factors ultimately leading to a reduced growth performance of fish that are fed with the SBM-based diet. Therefore, the goal of this thesis was to mitigate the negative effects of PP and improve the growth of fish fed with a PP-based diet, utilizing SBM as our PP in feeds. Three feeding trials were conducted to test the efficacy of 3 approaches towards improving the use of PP in fish. The first trial (Chapter 2), tested the effect of nutritional programming (NP) on the utilization of SBM in zebrafish (Danio rerio). NP is the theory that an organism can be 'programmed' to better utilize a dietary component by being exposed to that component in its early life stages. This study also tested the effect of NP through the broodstock by exposing the broodstock to SBM for 4 weeks prior to breeding. In addition, a combination of both programming techniques was also tested. The results found that neither of the programming techniques had a significant effect on the growth performance of the zebrafish. Among the two groups from the programmed broodstock, the group that also received early stage NP had a significantly higher expression of PepT1, a di- and tri- peptide transporter. Also, the dual programmed group had the highest length-to-width ratio of the distal villi among groups that were fed SBM, which signifies an increase in surface area for nutrient absorption in the intestine. The findings from this study suggest that early stage NP may increase the absorption of nutrient from PP-based feeds within the intestine. The second feeding trial (Chapter 3), utilized the supplementation of health-promoting dipeptides to improve the use of SBM-based feeds for zebrafish. The three dipeptides used in this study were alanyl-glutamine, carnosine, and anserine. The five groups in this study consisted of three groups receiving an SBM-based diet with one of the dipeptides supplemented into it, a (-) Control group receiving a non-supplemented SBM-based diet, and a (+) Control group receiving a FM-based diet. Both the alanyl-glutamine and carnosine supplemented groups experienced a significantly higher weight gain compared to the (-) Control group. In addition, the alanyl-glutamine supplemented group had a significantly higher length-to-width ratio of the intestinal villi and, had a numerically higher expression of both nutrient absorption genes measured, PepT1 and fabp2, compared to the (-) Control group. This finding suggests that the supplementation of alanyl-glutamine into SBM-based diets may improve the intestinal absorptive capacity of the fish fed with the SBM. The results from this study also support the use of both alanyl-glutamine and carnosine supplementation as a means of improving the growth performance of fish fed with a SBM-based diet. The third feeding trial (Chapter 4), was conducted on largemouth bass (LMB) (Micropterus salmoides). This study also focused on NP as a means of improving the utilization of dietary SBM, similar to Chapter 2. In this study, live feed was used as a vector to program the larval LMB to SBM. The programmed group in this study received Artemia nauplii that were enriched with a SBM solution, during the larval stage. The bass were then fed with a FM-diet for 7 weeks, before being reintroduced to SBM for the final 6 weeks of the study (PP-Challenge). The programmed LMB experienced a significantly higher weight gain compared to the non-programmed fish also undergoing the PP-Challenge, and achieved a weight gain similar to that of the LMB that were being fed with an FM-diet. In addition, the programmed LMB had significantly longer distal villi and a higher length-to-width ratio of the villi, compared to the non-programmed group. The findings from this study support the use of live feed as a vector for NP and improving the growth performance of a carnivorous aquaculture species fed with a SBM-based diet. The overall findings from these studies suggest that both NP and dipeptide supplementation are feasible means of improving the utilization of SBM in fish. The mechanism behind NP seems to lie in the intestine. In both zebrafish and LMB, NP was found to reduce the inflammatory impact on the intestine and increase the surface area for absorption of the intestinal villi. The supplementation of alanyl-glutamine had similar effects on the intestine as NP and improved the growth performance of zebrafish. The observations from these studies seem to point to mitigating the negative effects of SBM on the intestine as the key to improving the growth performance of fish fed with a SBM-based diet.

The Effect of Nutritional Programming on Gut Microbiota in Broodstock and Progeny Fish
The Effect of Nutritional Programming on Gut Microbiota in Broodstock and Progeny Fish

Author: Samuel Patula

Publisher:

Published: 2020

Total Pages: 252

ISBN-13:

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Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing animal production sector. Because the aquaculture sector is growing at rapid rates, certain materials for feed, specifically marine protein sources, are becoming increasingly expensive and unsustainable. To counteract the reliance on fishmeal (FM) and other marine protein sources in the industry plant protein (PP), specifically soybean meal (SBM), has been investigated to replace FM as a protein source. Unfortunately, SBM when given in high quantities (greater than 30%) has been shown to negatively affect fish performance including retarded growth, intestinal inflammation, reduction of spawn quality, as well as dysbiosis in the gut microbiome, most likely due to presence of antinutritional factors such as saponins and tannins in SBM. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the effect of nutritional programming (NP) with SBM-based diet on gut microbiota in broodstock and progeny fish. Three feedings trials were conducted to test the efficacy of 3 approaches towards improving the use of PP in fish. The first trial (Chapter 2), tested the effect of NP on larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). NP is the theory of introducing an early nutritional stimulus to an animal that will 'program' the animal to better utilize the stimuli later in its adult life. The zebrafish were programmed in their larval stages, and the trial lasted for 65 days. There was a significant effect on growth performance for the programmed group (NP-PP) in terms of weight gains, as the NP-PP group grew better compared to the non-programmed group (NP-FM) and negative control (-control). There was no significant effect on the gut microbiome in terms of alpha or beta diversity, however, there were significant changes in the relative abundance (RA) of the gut microbiome throughout time in the NP-PP and the NP-FM groups. The findings of the study support that early NP of zebrafish with SBM improves growth performance on PP diet, but the gut microbiome does not seem to be a mechanism for NP. The second feeding trial (Chapter 3) focused on NP induced in the zebrafish broodstock with dietary SBM. For two weeks, the broodstock fish were fed with either a SBM diet or a FM diet so that gametogenesis occurred with either a FM or PP diet. This phase was called the 'broodstock programming' stage. The broodstock were then spawned, and the larval fish were separated into four different treatments: 1) SBM broodstock progeny, fed SBM for the entire trial (PPBS-PP) 2) SBM broodstock progeny fed FM the entire trial (PPBS-FM), 3) FM broodstock progeny fed FM the entire trial (+ control, FMBS-FM), and 4) FM broodstock progeny fed SBM the entire trial (- control, FMBS-PP). The PPBS-PP group achieved similar weight gains compared to all other treatments in terms of grams, but was numerically greater than the FMBS-PP treatment. There were no differences detected in gut microbiome alpha or beta diversity in any of the groups, however, there was significant change observed of certain bacterial phyla between the 'programmed broodstock', larval fish, and fish at the end of the trial, 48 days post hatch. Overall, this trial suggests that parental programming does not improve PP utilization in the progeny of zebrafish. It also appears that the gut microbiome is not a mechanism of parental programming. The third feeding trial (Chapter 4), was conducted on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). This chapter had a similar experimental design as the first trial (Chapter 2), and larval largemouth bass were programmed with dietary SBM. This trial had an additional group added to it, which included a dietary saponin-programmed group. The study found that the NP with SBM diet or dietary saponin did not improve PP utilization and growth performance of largemouth bass in its pre-adult age. The study also found that the NP with SBM diet or dietary saponin did not have any effect on the largemouth bass gut microbiome, and there does not seem to be any gut microbiome modification associated with the NP in this fish species. Overall, NP can be used to improve dietary PP utilization but optimal timing and PP delivery method must be well assessed to ensure successful PP exposure and adaptation in different species. Nevertheless, the gut microbiome does not seem to be affected by NP and therefore is not considered the mechanism behind NP. Finally, studies on both zebrafish and largemouth bass presented major shifts in the gut microbiome as the fish aged. In addition, the core microbiomes of both species appeared to become more pronounced as the fish become adults. There seem to be an evolutionary tie between host and its gut microbiome. More studies, however, should further investigate this and the genetic effects on gut microbiota development and its heritability.

Success Factors for Fish Larval Production
Success Factors for Fish Larval Production

Author: Luis Conceicao

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2018-01-09

Total Pages: 630

ISBN-13: 1119072131

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A comprehensive and authoritative synthesis on the successful production of fish larvae Success Factors for Fish Larval Production is a vital resource that includes the most current understanding of larval biology, in the context of larval production. The text covers topics such as how external (environmental and nutritional) and internal (molecular/ developmental/ physiological/ behavioral/ genetic) factors interact in defining the phenotype and quality of fish larvae and juveniles. The expert contributors review broodstock genetics and husbandry, water quality, larval nutrition and feeding, growth physiology, health, metamorphosis, underlying molecular mechanisms, including epigenetics, for development, larval behavior and environmental conditions. Compiled by members of a European Union-funded consortium of top researchers, Success Factors for Fish Larval Production provides a wide-range of authoritative information for the aquaculture industry and academia. In addition to a wealth of information, the authors review research and commercially applicable larval quality indicators and predictors. The successful production of good-quality fish larvae is of vital importance for fish farming and stock enhancement of wild fisheries: Includes contributions from a consortium of noted researchers and experts in the field Deals with on how to improve egg quality and larval production via broodstock management and nutrition Suggests ways to control the phenotype of juveniles and table-size fish via manipulations of the conditions of larval rearing (e.g., epigenetics) Includes ideas for optimizing diet composition, formulation, and technology Integrates knowledge and practical experience in order to help advancing excellence in aquaculture Success Factors for Fish Larval Production offers fish biologists, developmental biologists, physiologists and zoologists the most current and reliable information on the topic. All those working in fish aquaculture facilities and hatcheries in particular will find great interest to their commercial operations within this book.

Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture
Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture

Author: D. Allen Davis

Publisher: Woodhead Publishing

Published: 2022-05-28

Total Pages: 472

ISBN-13: 0128229926

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Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture, Second Edition continues to play an important role in the successful production of fish and other seafood for human consumption. This is an excellent resource for understanding the key properties of feeds for aquaculture, advances in feed formulation and manufacturing techniques, and the practicalities of feeding systems and strategies. Many new updates have been integrated to reflect recent advances within the market, including special emphasis on up-and-coming trends and new technologies on monitoring fish feeding patterns, making this book useful for anyone working in R&D in the production of feed, as well as nutritionists, farm owners and technicians, and academics/postgraduate students with a research interest in the area. Includes new research information on using feed to enhance the sensory qualities of fish Presents the latest research in aquafeed and processing Provides the latest information on regulatory issues regarding feed and fish health

Tilapia Culture
Tilapia Culture

Author: Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2019-10-16

Total Pages: 358

ISBN-13: 0128165413

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Tilapia Culture, Second Edition, covers the vital issues of farmed tilapia in the world, including their biology, environmental requirements, semi-intensive culture, intensive culture systems, nutrition and feeding, reproduction, seed production and larval rearing, stress and disease, harvesting, economics, trade, marketing, the role of tilapia culture in rural development and poverty eradication, and technological innovations in, and the environmental impacts of, tilapia culture. In addition, the book highlights and presents the experiences of leading countries in tilapia culture, thus making it ideal for tilapia farmers and researchers who seek the most relevant research and information. The new second edition not only brings the most updated information within each chapter, but also delivers new content on tilapia transfers, introductions and their impacts, the use of probiotics and other additives in tilapia culture, tilapia trade, including marketing, and sustainability approaches and practices, such as management practices, ecosystem approaches to tilapia culture, and value chain analyses of tilapia farming. Presents the biology of tilapia, including taxonomy, body shapes, geographical distribution, introductions and transfers, gut morphology, and feeding habits Covers semi-intensive tilapia culture in earthen ponds, tanks, raceways, cages, recirculating systems, and aquaponics Provides the latest information on brood stock management, production of monosex tilapia, seed production, and larval rearing under different culture systems Highlights the most common infectious and non-infectious diseases affecting farmed tilapia, with a full description of disease symptoms and treatment measures Provides an in-depth exploration of tilapia economics, trade and marketing

Larval Fish Nutrition
Larval Fish Nutrition

Author: G. Joan Holt

Publisher: Wiley

Published: 2011-04-18

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9780470959862

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Nutrition is particularly important in the healthy development of fish during their early-life stages. Understanding the unique nutritional needs of larval fish can improve the efficiency and quality of fish reared in a culture setting. Larval Fish Nutrition comprehensively explores the nutritional requirements, developmental physiology, and feeding and weaning strategies that will allow aquaculture researchers and professionals to develop and implement improved culture practices. Larval Fish Nutrition is logically divided into three sections. The first section looks at the role of specific nutrient requirements in the healthy digestive development of fish. The second section looks at the impacts if nutritional physiology on fish through several early-life stages. The final section looks at feeding behaviors and the benefits and drawbacks to both live feed and microparticulate diets in developing fish. Written by a team of leading global researchers, Larval Fish Nutrition will be an indispensible resource for aquaculture researchers, professionals, and advanced students. Key Features: Reviews the latest research on larval fish nutritional requirements, developmental physiology, and feeding and weaning strategies Extensively covers nutritional needs of various early-life stages in fish development Weighs the benefits and drawbacks to both live feeds and microparticulate diets Written by a global team of experts in fish nutrition and physiology

Beneficial Effects of Functional Ingredients in Feed on Immunity Improvement and Growth Promotion of Aquaculture Animals
Beneficial Effects of Functional Ingredients in Feed on Immunity Improvement and Growth Promotion of Aquaculture Animals

Author: Jianchun Shao

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2023-09-12

Total Pages: 138

ISBN-13: 2832529313

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Aquaculture has become one of the main sources of human food, and the per capita food fish supply has reached 21 kilograms in 2019. With the expansion of the farming industry and the deterioration of the farming environment, outbreaks of various infectious diseases have become more and more serious, resulting in huge economic losses. In the past, antibiotics were commonly used to control diseases in aquaculture animals. However, the overuse of antibiotics caused various problems such as pathogen resistance, drug residues and environmental pollution. As a result, the development of functional ingredients added to feed to improve the health of aquaculture animals is necessary for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.

Aquaculture
Aquaculture

Author: John S. Lucas

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2019-01-22

Total Pages: 678

ISBN-13: 1119230861

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Zeigt übersichtlich die wichtige und unterstützende Rolle der Aquakultur für die Lebensmittelsicherheit, den Erhalt der Lebensgrundlagen und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung auf der ganzen Welt. Diese neue Auflage von Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants beschäftigt sich mit wesentlichen Aspekten der Kultur von Fischen, Schalentieren und Algen in Süß- und Salzwasser. Zu den behandelten Themen gehören: Prinzipien der Aquakultur, Wasserqualität, Umweltauswirkungen auf die Aquakultur, Aquakultur in der Wüste, Reproduktion, Lebenszyklen und Wachstum, Genetik und Bestandsverbesserung, Fütterung und Herstellung von Futtermitteln, Krankheiten, Impfungen, Post-Harvest-Technologien, Betriebswirtschaft und Marketing, zukünftige Entwicklung der Aquakultur. In speziellen Kapiteln geht es auch um die Kultur von Algen, Karpfen, Salmoniden, Tilapia, Wels, Salz- und Brackwasserfischen, Weichschildkröten, Barramundi, Seegarnelen, Wollhandkrabben und sonstigen Dekapoden und Krebstieren, Muscheln, Gastropoden und Zierarten. In dieser Ausgabe wird die Aquakultur Chinas umfassender erläutert, auch die Bedeutung des Landes in einem globalen Kontext.

Biotechnological Tools in Fisheries and Aquatic Health Management
Biotechnological Tools in Fisheries and Aquatic Health Management

Author: Bijay Kumar Behera

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2023-11-22

Total Pages: 254

ISBN-13: 9819929814

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This edited book is focused on SDG 14: life below water. This book covers all aspects of fish biotechnology and health management. A detailed description is provided of CRISPR Cas9 technology application in the development of superior variety of fish with better growth, disease resistance, etc., accompanied by numerous helpful photographs and schematic diagrams. In addition, recent developments in nanotechnology and its application in fisheries production enhancement have been discussed. Further, topics includes, probiotics, immunostimulants, fish genetic markers, bioremediation, metagenomics, transgenerational immune priming, application of cell culture in fisheries and nano-biosensor application on fish disease diagnosis, pollution monitoring, etc. are provided in details. . The book is helpful for researchers, teachers, students, farmers, and entrepreneurs in utilizing the knowledge on recent advancements in different aspects of fish genetics and biotechnology for future research and aquaculture production enhancement.