The chemicals chosen for testing include 108 pesticides, used in thousands of formulations. Generally, they are the pesticides to which wildlife are either most often exposed or most susceptible. Most are widely used or represent common families of chemicals applied to forests, rangeland, aquatic habitat, or agricultural areas that wildlife live in or frequent.
Organophosphorus and carbonate pesticides are used as insecticides, herbicides, nematicides, acaricides, fungicides, rodenticides, and bird repellents throughout the world. Today, organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides use is widespread on agricultural crops, rangelands, forests, and wetlands. Toxicology and Pesticide Use: Organophosphorus and Carbamate Compounds summarizes what is known about these pesticides from wildlife toxicology literature and discusses the potential hazards to wildlife by examining toxicity, environmental persistence, and use patterns of the pesticides. This information is critical to anyone involved in agriculture or agribusiness because of the impact of recent EPA rulings regarding the administration of these chemicals to crops. The book will interest toxicologists, environmental toxicologists, agrichemists, and all researchers involved in the study of the impact of these chemicals on the environment.
Fate of Pesticides in Large Animals covers the proceedings of the 1976 Fate of Pesticides in Large Animals symposium. The symposium is held at the Centennial Meeting of American Chemical Society and sponsored by the Pesticide Chemistry Division of the ACS. It aims to focus on the fate of pesticides in large animals and to assemble a thesis on the subject covering its theoretical and practical significance. In this book, large animals are particularly considered, because they often metabolize chemicals differently than small laboratory rodents. These differences may prove a basis for the development of concepts pertinent to the phenomenon of selective toxicity. This book is divided into three sections encompassing 14 chapters. The first section delineates the rationale of the symposium and presents topics applicable to all facets of large animal metabolism. The second section focuses on comparative metabolism of selected groups of pesticides, including phenoxy herbicides, insect growth regulators, fungicides, and halogenated hydrocarbons. The third section deals with specific compounds and/or specific large animal species. It includes mirex, chlordane, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls; p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE in pig; phenyl N,N'-dimethylphosphorodiamidate; croneton; and Vacor rodenticide. This book is an invaluable resource for chemists, biochemists, researchers, and toxicologists.
The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are responsible for protecting species that are listed as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and for protecting habitats that are critical for their survival. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for registering or reregistering pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and must ensure that pesticide use does not cause any unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, which is interpreted to include listed species and their critical habitats. The agencies have developed their own approaches to evaluating environmental risk, and their approaches differ because their legal mandates, responsibilities, institutional cultures, and expertise differ. Over the years, the agencies have tried to resolve their differences but have been unsuccessful in reaching a consensus regarding their assessment approaches. As a result, FWS, NMFS, EPA, and the US Department of Agriculture asked the National Research Council (NRC) to examine scientific and technical issues related to determining risks posed to listed species by pesticides. Specifically, the NRC was asked to evaluate methods for identifying the best scientific data available; to evaluate approaches for developing modeling assumptions; to identify authoritative geospatial information that might be used in risk assessments; to review approaches for characterizing sublethal, indirect, and cumulative effects; to assess the scientific information available for estimating effects of mixtures and inert ingredients; and to consider the use of uncertainty factors to account for gaps in data. Assessing Risks to Endangered and Threatened Species from Pesticides, which was prepared by the NRC Committee on Ecological Risk Assessment under FIFRA and ESA, is the response to that request.
