Cosmic Rays in Magnetospheres of the Earth and other Planets
Cosmic Rays in Magnetospheres of the Earth and other Planets

Author: Lev Dorman

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2009-01-20

Total Pages: 770

ISBN-13: 1402092393

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The problem of cosmic ray (CR) geomagnetic effects came to the fore at the beg- ning of the 1930s after the famous expeditions by J. Clay onboard ship (Slamat) between the Netherlands and Java using an ionization chamber. Many CR la- tude expeditions were organized by the famous scientists and Nobel Laureates R. Millikan and A. Compton. From the obtained latitude curves it follows that CRs cannot be gamma rays (as many scientists thought at that time), but must be charged particles. From measurements of azimuthally geomagnetic effect at that time it also followed that these charged particles must be mostly positive (see Chapter 1, and for more details on the history of the problem see monographs of Irina Dorman, M1981, M1989). The ?rst explanations of obtained results were based on the simple dipole - proximation of the geomagnetic ?eld and the theory of energetic charged particles moving in dipole magnetic ?elds, developed in 1907 by C. Stormer ̈ to explain the aurora phenomenon. Let us note that it was made about 5 years before V. Hess discovered CRs, and received the Nobel Prize in 1936 together with K. Anderson (for the discovery of CR and positrons in CR).

Effects of Asymmetric Magnetospheric Currents on Cosmic Radiation
Effects of Asymmetric Magnetospheric Currents on Cosmic Radiation

Author: Erwin O. Flückiger

Publisher:

Published: 1982

Total Pages: 40

ISBN-13:

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Up to now, most studies were carried out assuming azimuthally symmetric currents, neglecting the well established longitudinal asymmetry in the geomagnetic disturbance at low- and mid-latitudes during magnetic storms. The asymmetric perturbations superposed upon a symmetric field depression has been attributed by several authors to a a longitudinally limited, partial ring current with field aligned closure through the auroral ionosphere (Cummings; Fukushima and Kamide; and references therein). It has been the objective of the research covered by this report to study the effects of such magnetospheric current systems on the propagation of cosmic ray particles through the domain of the earth's magnetosphere. The corresponding results were expected to demonstrate the significance of cosmic ray measurements as an additional tool for magnetospheric studies, especially in modeling the disturbed magnetic field in the magnetosphere. In this report, first the approach to the problem is reviewed in Section 2, and examples of the basic tools needed in the procedure are illustrated in Section 3. Then, in Section 4, the results of a simple study correlating local perturbations in the geomagnetic field with cosmic ray cutoff rigidity variations are discussed. Section 5 contains a summary of a detailed quantitative analysis on the effects of a partial ring current and of field-aligned currents on both cutoff rigidities and asymptotic directions in different latitude regions. In conclusions, the significance of the results obtained in the entire study is discussed in Section 6 for both magnetospheric and cosmic ray research.

Cosmic Rays in the Earth’s Atmosphere and Underground
Cosmic Rays in the Earth’s Atmosphere and Underground

Author: Lev Dorman

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-19

Total Pages: 891

ISBN-13: 1402021135

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The present monograph as well as the next one (Dorman, M2005) is a result of more than 50 years working in cosmic ray (CR) research. After graduation in December 1950 Moscow Lomonosov State University (Nuclear and Elementary Particle Physics Division, the Team of Theoretical Physics), my supervisor Professor D. I. Blokhintsev planned for me, as a winner of a Red Diploma, to continue my education as an aspirant (a graduate student) to prepare for Ph. D. in his very secret Object in the framework of what was in those time called the Atomic Problem. To my regret the KGB withheld permission, and I, together with other Jewish students who had graduated Nuclear Divisions of Moscow and Leningrad Universities and Institutes, were faced with a real prospect of being without any work. It was our good fortune that at that time there was being brought into being the new Cosmic Ray Project (what at that time was also very secret, but not as secret as the Atomic Problem), and after some time we were directed to work on this Project. It was organized and headed by Prof. S. N. Vernov (President of All-Union Section of Cosmic Rays) and Prof. N. V. Pushkov (Director of IZMIRAN); Prof. E. L. Feinberg headed the theoretical part of the Project.

Cosmic Rays in Magnetospheres of the Earth and other Planets
Cosmic Rays in Magnetospheres of the Earth and other Planets

Author: Lev Dorman

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2009-01-28

Total Pages: 770

ISBN-13: 9781402092381

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The problem of cosmic ray (CR) geomagnetic effects came to the fore at the beg- ning of the 1930s after the famous expeditions by J. Clay onboard ship (Slamat) between the Netherlands and Java using an ionization chamber. Many CR la- tude expeditions were organized by the famous scientists and Nobel Laureates R. Millikan and A. Compton. From the obtained latitude curves it follows that CRs cannot be gamma rays (as many scientists thought at that time), but must be charged particles. From measurements of azimuthally geomagnetic effect at that time it also followed that these charged particles must be mostly positive (see Chapter 1, and for more details on the history of the problem see monographs of Irina Dorman, M1981, M1989). The ?rst explanations of obtained results were based on the simple dipole - proximation of the geomagnetic ?eld and the theory of energetic charged particles moving in dipole magnetic ?elds, developed in 1907 by C. Stormer ̈ to explain the aurora phenomenon. Let us note that it was made about 5 years before V. Hess discovered CRs, and received the Nobel Prize in 1936 together with K. Anderson (for the discovery of CR and positrons in CR).

Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field
Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field

Author: Billy McCormac

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 903

ISBN-13: 9401035539

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This book contains the lectures presented at the Advanced Study Institute, 'Radiation Trapped in the Earth's Magnetic Field' which was held at the Bergen Tekniske Skole, Bergen, Norway, during the period August 16 through September 3, 1965. Approximately one-third of the time was devoted to discussion. The various Session Chairmen have summarized the essential points brought out in these discussion periods which were generally quite spirited. The authors and the publisher have made a special effort to rapidly publish an up-to-date status concerning the various aspects of trapped radiation. Almost all authors turned in their manuscripts prior to the end of the Institute and all prior to September 30, 1965. It was clearly recognized that rapid publication was essential in this rapidly changing research area. Special thanks are due to the Host, Dr. Odd Dahl, Chr. Michelsen Institute, for making all of the arrangements in Bergen, including excellent living and working facilities. Direct financial support was provided the Institute by: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Advanced Research Projects Agency, Air Force Cam bridge Research Laboratories, Army Research Office, Defence Atomic Support Agency, and the Office of Naval Research.

Plasmas and Energetic Processes in the Geomagnetosphere
Plasmas and Energetic Processes in the Geomagnetosphere

Author: Lev I. Dorman

Publisher:

Published: 2017-02

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781634857352

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The importance and actuality of the Geomagnetospheres research are based on following three factors: 1. The Geomagnetosphere is the nearest giant natural laboratory; research is made possible by use of satellites to investigate in detail different plasmas and energetic processes in space caused by the interaction of high kinetic energy solar wind plasmas and their perturbations (Coronal Mass Ejections - CME, Interplanetary Shock Waves ISW, Interplanetary Interaction Regions IIR) frozen in Interplanetary Magnetic Fields (IMF) with the rotated main geomagnetic field. This interaction leads to dynamic transformation of magnetic fields in the geomagnetosphere, generation and trapping high energy particles (which can be called as Magnetospheric Cosmic Rays MCR), and the generation of multiple instabilities and electromagnetic radiations. These processes are in principle similar to processes in magnetospheres of other planets and their magnetic satellites, the atmosphere of the Sun and other stars, interplanetary and in interstellar space, and in many different astrophysical objects; 2. Modern technology, economics, navigation, television, internet, radio, military aspects, and the life of people on our planet are strongly connected to the operating systems of many satellites moving inside the geomagnetosphere. Different processes and MCR in the geomagnetosphere influence the operating systems of many satellites and often cause complications, from mild satellite malfunctions to fully destroying their hardwiring. The described research can be considered as a basis for developing methods of forecasting dangerous situations for satellites in different orbits and to decrease the risk of satellite breakdowns; 3. The interaction of CME, ISW, and IIR with the geomagnetosphere leads to the generation of big magnetic storms and decreases precursory effects in Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) intensity. These magnetic storms are dangerous not only for satellites, but also on the Earths surface for technology, radio connections, car accidents, and human health. Investigations of magnetic storm causes can help to develop methods of their forecasting and decreasing the level of magnetic storm hazards. Therefore, the other practical application of this research is connected with the problem of space weather influence on the technology, radio, navigation, transportation, and human health on the Earth independent of altitude and latitude.

Cosmic Rays, the Sun and Geomagnetism
Cosmic Rays, the Sun and Geomagnetism

Author: Scott E. Forbush

Publisher: American Geophysical Union

Published: 1993-01-11

Total Pages: 504

ISBN-13:

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Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Special Publications Series. This monograph is a tribute to the character and achievements of Scott Ellsworth Forbush (1904-1984) who, almost single-handedly with only technical assistance, laid the observational foundations for an important part of the subject of solar-interplanetary-terrestrial physics. The heart of his research was the meticulous and statistically sophisticated analysis of the temporal variations of cosmic-ray intensity as measured by ground-based detectors at various latitudes and altitudes. Forbush either discovered or put on a firm basis for the first time the following fundamental cosmic-ray effects: The quasi-persistent 27-day variation of intensity.The diurnal variation of intensity. The sporadic emission of very energetic (up to ≈GeV) protons by solar flares. Worldwide impulsive decreases (Forbush decreases) in intensity followed by gradual recovery. The 11-year cycle of intensity and its anticorrelation with the solar activity cycle as measured by sunspot numbers. The 22-year cycle in the amplitude of the diurnal variations.