The information revolution is leading to the rise of network forms of organization, with unusual implications for how societies are organized and conflicts are conducted. "Netwar" is an emerging consequence. The term refers to societal conflict and crime, short of war, in which the antagonists are organized more as sprawling "leaderless" networks than as tight-knit hierarchies. Many terrorists, criminals, fundamentalists, and ethno-nationalists are developing netwar capabilities. A new generation of revolutionaries and militant radicals is also emerging, with new doctrines, strategies, and technologies that support their reliance on network forms of organization. Netwar may be the dominant mode of societal conflict in the 21st century. These conclusions are implied by the evolution of societies, according to a framework presented in this RAND study. The emergence of netwar raises the need to rethink strategy and doctrine to conduct counternetwar. Traditional notions of war and low-intensity conflict as a sequential process based on massing, maneuvering, and fighting will likely prove inadequate to cope with nonlinear, swarm-like, information-age conflicts in which societal and military elements are closely intermingled.
Netwar-like cyberwar-describes a new spectrum of conflict that is emerging in the wake of the information revolution. Netwar includes conflicts waged, on the one hand, by terrorists, criminals, gangs, and ethnic extremists; and by civil-society activists (such as cyber activists or WTO protestors) on the other. What distinguishes netwar is the networked organizational structure of its practitioners-with many groups actually being leaderless-and their quickness in coming together in swarming attacks. To confront this new type of conflict, it is crucial for governments, military, and law enforcement to begin networking themselves.
The information revolution is leading to the rise of network forms of organization in which small, previously isolated groups can communicate, link up, and conduct coordinated joint actions as never before. This in turn is leading to a new mode of conflict--netwar--in which the protagonists depend on using network forms of organization, doctrine, strategy, and technology. Many actors across the spectrum of conflict--from terrorists, guerrillas, and criminals who pose security threats, to social activists who may not--are developing netwar designs and capabilities. The Zapatista movement in Mexico is a seminal case of this. In January 1994, a guerrilla-like insurgency in Chiapas by the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN), and the Mexican government's response to it, aroused a multitude of civil-society activists associated with human-rights, indigenous-rights, and other types of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to swarm--electronically as well as physically--from the United States, Canada, and elsewhere into Mexico City and Chiapas. There, they linked with Mexican NGOs to voice solidarity with the EZLN's demands and to press for nonviolent change. Thus, what began as a violent insurgency in an isolated region mutated into a nonviolent though no less disruptive social netwar that engaged the attention of activists from far and wide and had nationwide and foreign repercussions for Mexico. This study examines the rise of this social netwar, the information-age behaviors that characterize it (e.g., extensive use of the Internet), its effects on the Mexican military, its implications for Mexico's stability, and its implications for the future occurrence of social netwars elsewhere around the world.
Traces the recent evolution of international terrorism against civilian and U.S. military targets, looks ahead to where terrorism is going, and assesses how it might be contained. The authors consider the threat of information-based terrorism and of weapons of mass destruction, with an emphasis on how changes in the sources and nature of terrorism may affect the use of unconventional terror. The authors propose counterterrorism strategies that address the growing problem of homeland defense.
The information revolution--which is as much an organizational as a technological revolution--is transforming the nature of conflict across the spectrum: from open warfare, to terrorism, crime, and even radical social activism. The era of massed field armies is passing, because the new information and communications systems are increasing the lethality of quite small units that can call in deadly, precise missile fire almost anywhere, anytime. In social conflicts, the Internet and other media are greatly empowering individuals and small groups to influence the behavior of states. Whether in military or social conflicts, all protagonists will soon be developing new doctrines, strategies, and tactics for swarming their opponents--with weapons or words, as circumstances require. Preparing for conflict in such a world will require shifting to new forms of organization, particularly the versatile, hardy, all-channel network. This shift will prove difficult for states and professional militaries that remain bastions of hierarchy, bound to resist institutional redesign. They will make the shift as they realize that information and knowledge are becoming the key elements of power. This implies, among other things, that Mars, the old brute-force god of war, must give way to Athena, the well-armed goddess of wisdom. Accepting Athena as the patroness of this information age represents a first step not only for preparing for future conflicts, but also for preventing them.
Designed with the needs of those interested in network programming and automation in mind, this updated "Rust for Network Programming and Automation" explores the realism of network programming within the robust Rust ecosystem. Building on top of Rust 1.68, this book takes you step-by-step through the essentials of network protocols, packet analysis, and network administration with up-to-date and thorough material. Starting with the fundamentals of TCP/IP, you will be introduced to the core principles of network communication, such as data packet structure and transmission. The book then moves on to cover important topics like IP addressing, subnetting, and gateway configuration, ensuring a thorough understanding of network fundamentals. The chapters focus on the practical aspects of network programming, particularly the use of popular Rust libraries such as Tokio, Mio, and Rust-async for asynchronous network programming. These libraries are thoroughly examined, demonstrating how to create TCP listeners, bind sockets, and handle incoming connections efficiently. Packet manipulation and analysis are also important topics, with practical examples using libraries like pnet and libtins. You will learn how to capture, process, and analyze network packets to gain an understanding of network traffic and identify potential problems. The book also focuses on network and performance monitoring, showing you how to set up and use various tools to track network availability, utilization, latency, packet loss, and jitter. Understanding these metrics allows you to ensure optimal network performance and reliability. Cloud network configuration, VPN setup, and data center networking are thoroughly covered, providing the necessary knowledge to manage and automate complex network environments. Each chapter is intended to build on the previous one, resulting in a coherent and comprehensive learning experience. With clear explanations, practical examples, and up-to-date content, "Rust for Network Programming and Automation" provides you with the skills you need to get started in network programming and automation with the most recent Rust release. Anyone looking to learn Rust for network-centric applications can use this book, as it covers the basics as well as advanced topics. Key Learnings Become fluent in the fundamentals of Rust-based TCP/IP programming. Use the pnet and libtins libraries to capture and analyze packets in depth. Use the Rust-async, Tokio, and Mio libraries to program asynchronous networks efficiently. Be well-versed in IP addressing, subnetting, and configuring gateways to assure a secure network installation. Learn to use Rust and OpenVPN to set up VPN connections. Get skilled in monitoring network availability, latency, and packet loss. Optimize network performance and uptime by automating routine tasks and configurations. Apply sophisticated Rust methods to the configuration and management of data center networks. Utilize AWS and rusoto to establish and oversee VPCs. Use packet analysis and monitoring to improve network security by identifying threats. Table of Content Basics of Network Automation Essentials of Linux for Networks Rust Basics for Networks Core Rust for Networks Rust Commands for Networks Programming & Designing Networks Establishing & Managing Network Protocols Packet & Network Analysis Network Performance Monitoring
While terrorism has been used throughout the ages as a weapon in political struggles, there is an essential difference between groups who use these tactics for more or less rational political goals and those seeking more apocalyptic ends. Cooper argues that today's terrorists have a spiritual perversity that causes them to place greater significance on killing than on exploiting political grievances. He supports his assertion with an analysis of two groups that share the characteristics of a pneumopathological consciousness - Anum Shinrikyo, the terrorist organization that poisoned thousands of Tokyo subway riders in 1995, and Al-Qaeda, the group behind the infamous 9/11 killings.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 4th International Conference on 6G for Future Wireless Networks, 6GN 2021, held in Huizhou, China, in October 2021. The 63 full papers were selected from 136 submissions and present the state of the art and practical applications of 6G technologies. The papers are arranged thematically in tracks as follows: Advanced Communication and Networking Technologies for 5G/6G Networks; Advanced Signal Processing Technologies for 5G/6G Networks; and Educational Changes in The Age of 5G/6G.
This volume contains the proceedings of the 7th International Working Conference on Active and Programmable Networks (IWAN 2005) that was held during November 21–23, 2005, in Sophia Antipolis, Cote d’ Azur, France, jointly organized by Hitachi Europe and INRIA. IWAN 2005 took place against a backdrop of questions about the viability and - cessity of a conference that deals with an area perceived by many as having run its full course. The Organizing Committee, during the preparations of the conference, took these concerns seriously and reflected them in the theme of this year’s event, entitled “Re-incarnating Active Networking Research,” and expanding the scope of past calls for papers into topics that have emerged from active and programmable networks. The result was a success because we received 72 submissions, a number that - ceeded our expectations and in fact is one of the highest in the history of the conf- ence. The distinguished Technical Program Committee set high standards for the final program; each one of the submitted papers received three peer reviews with detailed comments and suggestions for the authors. In total, 13 papers were accepted for the main program sessions with 9 papers accepted unconditionally and the remaining 4 papers being conditionally accepted with shepherding by selected Program Committee members.
