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Author: Sarah Albiez-Wieck
Publisher: BRILL
Published: 2022-09-19
Total Pages: 397
ISBN-13: 900452164X
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe book shows how the tribute-paying population in Peru and New Spain negotiated their categorization throughout the colonial period. It explains the fiscal legislation and its application from above as well as how it was shaped from below.
Author:
Publisher: BRILL
Published: 2023-03-06
Total Pages: 511
ISBN-13: 9004528687
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe open access publication of this book has been made possible thanks to the International Institute of Social History – Amsterdam. Potosí (today Bolivia) was the major supplier for the Spanish Empire and for the world and still today boasts the world's single-richest silver deposit. This book explores the political economy of silver production and circulation illuminating a vital chapter in the history of global capitalism. It travels through geology, sacred spaces, and technical knowledge in the first section; environmental history and labor in the second section; silver flows, the heterogeneous world of mining producers, and their agency in the third; and some of the local, regional, and global impacts of Potosí mining in the fourth section. The main focus is on the establishment of a complex infrastructure at the site, its major changes over time, and the new human and environmental landscape that emerged for the production of one of the world ́s major commodities: silver. Eleven authors from different countries present their most recent research based on years of archival research, providing the readers with cutting-edge scholarship. Contributors are: Julio Aguilar, James Almeida, Rossana Barragán Romano, Mariano A. Bonialian, Thérèse Bouysse-Cassagne, Kris Lane, Tristan Platt, Renée Raphael, Masaki Sato, Heidi V. Scott, and Paula C. Zagalsky.
Author: Saul Guerrero
Publisher: BRILL
Published: 2017-09-11
Total Pages: 468
ISBN-13: 9004343830
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn Silver by Fire, Silver by Mercury: A Chemical History of Silver Refining in New Spain and Mexico, 16th to 19th Centuries, Saul Guerrero combines historical research with geology and chemistry to refute the current prevailing narrative of a primitive effort dominated by mercury and its copious emissions to the air. Based on quantitative historical data, visual records and geochemical fundamentals, Guerrero analyses the chemical and economic reasons why two refining processes had to share production, creating along the way major innovations in the chemical recipes, milling equipment, mercury recycling practice, and industrial architecture and operations. Their main environmental impact was lead fume and the depletion of woodlands from smelting, and the transformation of mercury into calomel during the patio process.
Author: William Robertson
Publisher:
Published: 1818
Total Pages: 630
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor: Rebecca M. Seaman
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Published: 2013-08-27
Total Pages: 508
ISBN-13: 1598847775
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis detailed study is the only reference work of its kind to address Spain's conquest of Central and South America, providing in-depth coverage of native and European ideologies, political motivations, and cultural practices of the region. As the study of world history evolves from a Eurocentric perspective to a more global viewpoint, formerly marginalized groups are now the focus of discussion, revealing a background rich with important military, political, social, and economic achievements. This book examines the once prosperous and powerful native civilizations in Central and South America, discussing the key individuals, strategies, and politics that made these countries strong and indomitable. In spite of this, the author shows how, in only a few generations, Spain defeated these mini-empires, eventually dominating much of the Western Hemisphere. Conflict in the Early Americas: An Encyclopedia of the Spanish Empire's Aztec, Incan, and Mayan Conquests focuses primarily on the defeat of the Aztec, Incan, and Mayan civilizations, but also includes Spanish interactions with lesser-known native groups. Supporting documents including primary sources, maps, and visual aids provide necessary context to this once-untold story.
Author: Norah L. A. Gharala
Publisher: University Alabama Press
Published: 2019-02-19
Total Pages: 309
ISBN-13: 0817320075
DOWNLOAD EBOOKA definitive analysis of the most successful tribute system in the Americas as applied to Afromexicans During the eighteenth century, hundreds of thousands of free descendants of Africans in Mexico faced a highly specific obligation to the Spanish crown, a tax based on their genealogy and status. This royal tribute symbolized imperial loyalties and social hierarchies. As the number of free people of color soared, this tax became a reliable source of revenue for the crown as well as a signal that colonial officials and ordinary people referenced to define and debate the nature of blackness. Taxing Blackness: Free Afromexican Tribute in Bourbon New Spain examines the experiences of Afromexicans and this tribute to explore the meanings of race, political loyalty, and legal privileges within the Spanish colonial regime. Norah L. A. Gharala focuses on both the mechanisms officials used to define the status of free people of African descent and the responses of free Afromexicans to these categories and strategies. This study spans the eighteenth century and focuses on a single institution to offer readers a closer look at the place of Afromexican individuals in Bourbon New Spain, which was the most profitable and populous colony of the Spanish Atlantic. As taxable subjects, many Afromexicans were deeply connected to the colonial regime and ongoing debates about how taxpayers should be defined, whether in terms of reputation or physical appearance. Gharala shows the profound ambivalence, and often hostility, that free people of African descent faced as they navigated a regime that simultaneously labeled them sources of tax revenue and dangerous vagabonds. Some free Afromexicans paid tribute to affirm their belonging and community ties. Others contested what they saw as a shameful imposition that could harm their families for generations. The microhistory includes numerous anecdotes from specific cases and people, bringing their history alive, resulting in a wealth of rural and urban, gender, and family insight.
Author: Samuel Lorenzo Knapp
Publisher:
Published: 1839
Total Pages: 742
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor: Herbert S. Klein
Publisher:
Published: 1998
Total Pages: 248
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKA basic understanding of colonial Spanish American economic history emerges from this analysis and interpretation of royal income and expenditure.
Author:
Publisher: BRILL
Published: 2019-07-08
Total Pages: 542
ISBN-13: 9004335366
DOWNLOAD EBOOKA Companion to Early Modern Lima introduces readers to the Spanish American city which became a vibrant urban center in the sixteenth-century world. As part of Brill's Companions to the Americas series, this volume presents current interdisciplinary research focused on the Peruvian viceregal capital. From ancient roots to its foundation by Pizarro, Lima was transformed into an imperial capital positioned between Atlantic and Pacific exchange networks. An international team of scholars examines issues ranging from literary history, politics, and religion to philosophy, historiography, and modes of intercontinental influence. The volume is divided into three sections: urban development and government, society, and culture. The essays collectively represent the scope of contemporary approaches, methodologies, and source materials pertinent to the study of sixteenth-century Lima, a city at the center of global interchange in the early modern world.
Author: Dr. Walter Thomas Molano, PhD
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Published: 2013-09-24
Total Pages: 190
ISBN-13: 1490552227
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn this timely, insightful, and concise introduction to the history and development of Argentina, Dr. Walter Molano takes a pragmatic look at the major variables that shape the country's political and economic policies. Dr. Molano particularly emphasizes the role that geography played in the formation of the country's economic institutions and political traditions. In the Land of Silver transcends two hundred years of economic and political development of one of the most complex countries in Latin America and the developing world—a country that only a century ago was as prosperous as the United States and many European countries, but is now on the bottom rung of the emerging world. Dr. Molano brings to light Argentina’s position as a country that is intriguing, yet full of contradictions. A century ago, Argentina was a preeminent destination for waves of immigrants looking for a new home and chances for a better life. It remained neutral during the two world wars, selling agricultural products, at inflated prices, to the warring sides. However, the second half of the twentieth century saw the country slip into poverty, transitioning from a veritable land of opportunity to a virtual graveyard of bad economic policies. The Argentine case has been the subject of derision, broad simplifications, and stereotypes. However, its history was a complex process that underscored the importance of geography and the role that external forces had in shaping its formation. Its unique location at the extreme limits of a vast empire distant from the centers of civilization imbued it with a yearning to react to what was happening abroad. By analyzing the geographical and external factors integral to the development of the country's political and economic institutions, readers will gain a better understanding of the forces that shape the country's policy decisions.
