School Desegregation, School Choice and Changes in Residential Location Patterns by Race. Finance and Economics Discussion
School Desegregation, School Choice and Changes in Residential Location Patterns by Race. Finance and Economics Discussion

Author: Nathaniel Baum-Snow

Publisher:

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 60

ISBN-13:

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This paper provides new evidence on the mechanisms by which school desegregation in large urban districts led to public enrollment declines for whites and increases for blacks. The authors demonstrate that white enrollment declines in southern central districts were primarily the product of out-migration while enrollment declines in districts outside the South were primarily the product of increases in private school attendance. Enrollment increases for blacks as a result of desegregation did not occur for several years, primarily occurred outside of the South, and came primarily in the form of residential relocation into central districts. The authors' estimates indicate that while it caused sizable shifts of whites out of the outer regions of central districts to be replaced largely by blacks, school desegregation was not one of the main forces driving urban population decentralization. They emphasize, however, that school desegregation was an important force in generating changes in the racial composition of outlying central district neighborhoods. (Contains 9 figures, 12 tables, and 22 footnotes.) [This report was produced by the Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve System.].

The Growth of Segregation in American Schools
The Growth of Segregation in American Schools

Author: Gary Orfield

Publisher: National School Boards Association

Published: 1993

Total Pages: 58

ISBN-13:

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This study shows where school segregation is concentrated and where schools remain highly integrated. It offers the first national comparison of segregation by community size and reveals that segregation remains high in big cities and serious in mid-size central cities. Many African-American and Latino students also attend segregated schools in the suburbs of the largest metropolitan areas, while rural areas and small towns, small metropolitan areas, and the suburbs of the mid-size metro areas are far more integrated. States with more fragmented district structures tend to have higher levels of segregation, particularly in states having relatively small proportions of minority students who are concentrated in a few districts. Based on these and other study findings, the country and its schools are perceived as going through vast changes without any strategy. It appears that the civil rights impulse from the 1960s is dead and racial segregation is reemerging. This report recommends policies to school districts, state government, and federal civil rights and education officials to foster integrated education and to make interracial schools function more effectively. It calls for: (1) resumption of the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department; (2) restoration of federal aid for successful integration strategies; (3) basic research on the consequences of segregation by race, ethnicity and poverty; and (4) an examination of the ways in which multiracial education functions most effectively. (GLR)

After Brown
After Brown

Author: Charles T. Clotfelter

Publisher: Princeton University Press

Published: 2011-10-16

Total Pages: 297

ISBN-13: 140084133X

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The United States Supreme Court's 1954 landmark decision, Brown v. Board of Education, set into motion a process of desegregation that would eventually transform American public schools. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of how Brown's most visible effect--contact between students of different racial groups--has changed over the fifty years since the decision. Using both published and unpublished data on school enrollments from across the country, Charles Clotfelter uses measures of interracial contact, racial isolation, and segregation to chronicle the changes. He goes beyond previous studies by drawing on heretofore unanalyzed enrollment data covering the first decade after Brown, calculating segregation for metropolitan areas rather than just school districts, accounting for private schools, presenting recent information on segregation within schools, and measuring segregation in college enrollment. Two main conclusions emerge. First, interracial contact in American schools and colleges increased markedly over the period, with the most dramatic changes occurring in the previously segregated South. Second, despite this change, four main factors prevented even larger increases: white reluctance to accept racially mixed schools, the multiplicity of options for avoiding such schools, the willingness of local officials to accommodate the wishes of reluctant whites, and the eventual loss of will on the part of those who had been the strongest protagonists in the push for desegregation. Thus decreases in segregation within districts were partially offset by growing disparities between districts and by selected increases in private school enrollment.

From the Courtroom to the Classroom
From the Courtroom to the Classroom

Author: Claire E. Smrekar

Publisher: Harvard Education Press

Published: 2009-03-01

Total Pages: 366

ISBN-13: 1612500293

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From the Courtroom to the Classroom examines recent developments pertaining to school desegregation in the United States. As the editors note, it comes at a time marked by a “general downplaying of race and ethnicity as criteria for the allocation of public resources, as well as a weakening of the political forces that support busing to achieve racial integration.” The book fills a growing need for a full-scale assessment of this recent history and its effect on schools, children, and communities.

Forced Justice
Forced Justice

Author: David J. Armor

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 1995-06-30

Total Pages: 284

ISBN-13: 0195358171

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School desegregation and "forced" busing first brought people to the barricades during the 1960s and 1970s, and the idea continues to spark controversy today whenever it is proposed. A quiet rage smolders in hundreds of public school systems, where court- ordered busing plans have been in place for over twenty years. Intended to remedy the social and educational disadvantages of minorities, desegregation policy has not produced any appreciable educational gains, while its political and social costs have been considerable. Now, on the fortieth anniversary of the Supreme Court's epic decision, Brown v. Board of Education, the legal and social justifications for school desegregation are ripe for reexamination. In Forced Justice, David J. Armor explores the benefits and drawbacks of voluntary and involuntary desegregation plans, especially those in communities with "magnet" schools. He finds that voluntary plans, which let parents decide which school program is best for their children, are just as effective in attaining long-term desegregation as mandatory busing, and that these plans generate far greater community support. Armor concludes by proposing a new policy of "equity" choice, which draws upon the best features of both the desegregation and choice movements. This policy promises both improved desegregation and greater educational choices for all, especially for the disadvantaged minority children in urban systems who now have the fewest educational choices. The debate over desegregation policy and its many consequences needs to move beyond academic journals and courtrooms to a larger audience. In addition to educators and policymakers, Forced Justice will be an important book for social scientists, attorneys and specialists in civil rights issues, and all persons concerned about the state of public education.