Low GWP (A2L) Refrigerant Safety
Low GWP (A2L) Refrigerant Safety

Author: Jason Obrzut, CMHE

Publisher: ESCO Institute

Published: 2021-02-22

Total Pages: 98

ISBN-13: 193004481X

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

As the HVACR industry continues to move forward and innovate, the refrigerants that were once so commonplace are now being phased out. Replacing them are more energy efficient, environmentally friendlier refrigerants, known as Low GWP refrigerants. Many of these new refrigerants are classified by ASHRAE as A2L, or slightly flammable. The industry is also seeing expanded use of some hydrocarbon (A3) refrigerants, such as propane and isobutane. Students and technicians will require additional training for the safe handling and transportation of these refrigerants. The Low GWP refrigerant program manual covers: Refrigerant safety Introduction to Low GWP refrigerants Refrigerant properties and characteristics The refrigeration cycle Working with refrigerant blends Proper installation and service guidelines Flammable refrigerant considerations Explanation of the associated codes and standards for A2L refrigerants

Refrigeration units in marine vessels
Refrigeration units in marine vessels

Author: Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Hafner

Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers

Published: 2019-04-02

Total Pages: 80

ISBN-13: 9289359412

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Fishing vessels can be equipped with energy efficient refrigeration technology applying natural working fluids. Ammonia refrigeration systems have been the first choice, but CO2 units have also become increasingly common in the maritime sector in the last few years. When retrofitting or implementing CO2 refrigeration plants, less space on board is required and such units allow good service and maintenance. Nowadays, cruise ship owners prefer CO2 units for the provision refrigeration plants.Ship owners, responsible for the health and safety of the crew and passengers, must carefully evaluate the usage of flammable low GWP working fluids, due to a high risk that toxic decomposition products are formed, even without the presence of an open flame. Suggestions for further work include a Nordic Technology Hub for global marine refrigeration R&D and development support for key components.

ANSI/IIAR Standard 2-2014
ANSI/IIAR Standard 2-2014

Author: International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

Publisher:

Published: 2014

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 9781635470017

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The new and improved IIAR 2 is the definitive design safety standard of the ammonia refrigeration industry - IIAR 2 has undergone extensive revision since the 2008 (with Addendum B) edition was published on December 3, 2012. A major focus of changes made to this edition has been incorporating topics traditionally addressed in other codes and standards so that IIAR 2 can eventually serve as a single, comprehensive standard covering safe design of closed-circuit ammonia refrigeration systems.

Handbook for the Analysis and Identification of Alternative Refrigerants
Handbook for the Analysis and Identification of Alternative Refrigerants

Author: Thomas J. Bruno

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2019-07-23

Total Pages: 668

ISBN-13: 1351080784

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Many laboratories are engaged in research on the development of new fluids for use as refrigerants to replace the fully halogenated materials that are believed to contribute to atmospheric ozone depletion. An integral part of this effort is the chemical analysis of new fluids that are synthesized, prepared, and tested. This comprehensive book, which is divided into two parts, fills an important need in this vital chemical analysis protocol. The first part reviews the major chemical analysis methods that have been developed and used at NIST and in other laboratories. This review covers spectroscopic, chromatographic, and "wet" analytical methods, with treatment divided by qualitative identification, qualitative determinations, and chemical reaction screening. The second part contains a compilation of analytical information of the new fluids and their products. Physical properties, mass spectra, infrared spectra, ultraviolet spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and gas chromatographic retention data are provided for each fluid or product.

Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee 2002
Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee 2002

Author: United Nations Environment Programme

Publisher: UNEP/Earthprint

Published: 2003-09

Total Pages: 213

ISBN-13: 9280722883

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The 2002 assessment report, produced under the Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting substances, finds that technical progress has been made by the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump industry to comply with requirements to phase out CFCs and in several applications, HCFCs as well. However, there is still a significant amount of installed refrigeration equipment still using CFCs and HCFCs, and so service demand remains high and is best minimised by preventive service, containment, retrofit, recovery and recycling.

Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants: Volume 3
Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants: Volume 3

Author: Ernest E. Ludwig

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2001-08-13

Total Pages: 713

ISBN-13: 0080523374

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This third edition of Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants, Volume 3, is completely revised and updated throughout to make this standard reference more valuable than ever. It has been expanded by more than 200 pages to include the latest technological and process developments in heat transfer, refrigeration, compression and compression surge drums, and mechanical drivers. Like other volumes in this classic series, this one emphasizes how to apply techniques of process design and how to interpret results into mechanical equipment details. It focuses on the applied aspects of chemical engineering design to aid the design and/or project engineers in rating process requirements, specifying for purchasing purposes, and interpreting and selecting the mechanical equipment needed to satisfy the process functions. Process chemical engineering and mechanical hydraulics are included in the design procedures.Includes updated information that allows for efficiency and accuracy in daily tasks and operationsPart of a classic series in the industry

Code of Federal Regulations
Code of Federal Regulations

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1995

Total Pages: 1382

ISBN-13:

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Special edition of the Federal Register, containing a codification of documents of general applicability and future effect ... with ancillaries.

CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering
CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering

Author: Raj P. Chhabra

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2017-11-08

Total Pages: 1801

ISBN-13: 1351646036

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering, Second Edition, is a fully updated version of this respected reference work, with chapters written by leading experts. Its first part covers basic concepts, equations and principles of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics. Following that is detailed coverage of major application areas, such as bioengineering, energy-efficient building systems, traditional and renewable energy sources, food processing, and aerospace heat transfer topics. The latest numerical and computational tools, microscale and nanoscale engineering, and new complex-structured materials are also presented. Designed for easy reference, this new edition is a must-have volume for engineers and researchers around the globe.

Combined Heating, Cooling & Power Handbook
Combined Heating, Cooling & Power Handbook

Author: Neil Petchers

Publisher: The Fairmont Press, Inc.

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 892

ISBN-13: 0881733490

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Many of the economic road blocks which have previously served to discourage the implementation of alternative power generation technologies can now be readily overcome through effective energy resource optimization. It is now a fact that solid financial returns can be achieved from combined heating, cooling and power generation projects by integrating energy and cost efficiency goals, and seeking a match between power production and heating/cooling requirements. This book is intended to serve as a road map to those seeking to realize optimum economic returns on such projects. The first section provides an introduction to basic heat and power thermodynamics, with an overview of heat and power generation technologies and equipment. The second section explores the infrastructure in which the project must be implemented, including environmental considerations, as well as utility rate structures. The third section provides detailed coverage of a broad range of technology types, and discusses how opportunities for their application can be identified and successfully exploited. The final section takes you through each step of project development, implementation and operation. Numerous examples are provided of actual field applications, with supporting documentation of system layouts and performance. The text is supplemented with more than one thousand graphics, including photos, cutaway drawings, layout schematics, performance curves, and data tables.