Transformation of Public Sector Banks in India crisply captures the different phases of the journey of the transformation of PSBs in India, beginning with the nationalisation of banks. It maps the developments and challenges of PSBs in expanding the outreach to the unbanked hinterland to fulfil the socio-economic needs of the financially excluded segments. The resilience of PSBs is evident, more particularly in adopting technology, business process reengineering, risk management, asset quality management and other significant post-reform measures. The challenge to reinvent universally accessible banking services to compete with new generation banks is the reflection of the commitment of PSBs. The changes in the organizational structure, governance, human resource management and leadership developments brought through the seven pronged 'Indradhanush' framework and the Enhanced Access and Service Excellence (EASE) set of reforms put together provide an insight on the next level of bank reforms.
The present book examines the impact of Financial Reforms on the working of banking sector in general and Public Sector Banks in particular. In addition to assess multi-dimensional trend of banking sector, it examines the impact of Deregulation Policies on the Management of bank s resources. The book identifies many critical issues like determinants of Non-performing Assets, Profitability productivity of banks, mismatch of assets and liabilities and services rendered by banks particularly in the backward regions. The treatise embodies in it inter-intra banks and inter-intra regional, districts level variations. To encounter the objectives, appropriate hypothesis have been framed, statistical and financial techniques have been used to testify, the nature and problems of Public Sector vis-à-vis Private Sector and foreign banks. This book runs into ten chapters encompassing into different aspects of bank s performances with critical assessment in the context of reform package. The book will meet the growing interest of students, researchers, scholars, policymakers and general readers. It may be used as textbook for B.Com, B.B.A., M.B.A.; M.F.M. and M.A. (Eco.), M.Sc. (Eco.) courses.
The book entitled “Priority Sector Lending in India by Public Sector Banks- A Study of Pre and Post-Reform Period” is a Ph.D. thesis evaluated by Dr. Tapan Choure, Professor and Head, Vikram University, Ujjain (MP) and Dr. Shakuntla Gupta, Professor, Punjabi University Patiala (Punjab). Both these evaluators had recommended the publication of the thesis in its present form. Two research papers have been published from this thesis in the journal of “the Finance-India” and the Indian Journal of Economics. Commercial banks are supposed to play an important role in achieving the economic development by providing effective institutional credit support to various regions/sectors/sections. Banking has been viewed as a catalytic agent that must develop and support not only single element of national economy, but, also provide an effective link between the productive, distributive and consumption side of it. One of the most important objective of government policies since bank nationalization has been to extend and expand credit not only to those sectors which were of crucial importance in terms of their contribution to national income and employment, but, also to those sectors which have been severely neglected in terms of access to institutional credit. Those sectors which were to be initially identified for this purpose were agriculture, small scale industries and self employed persons. These sectors were accorded priority status in credit allocation by the banks. In fact, priority sector is still the butter and bread, both, literally and figuratively of Indian economic growth. Therefore, they require a special status. Though, there is no known formal decision by the government regarding curtailment in priority sector credit, yet, serious attempts have been in recent years to dilute the norms of priority sector lending. New banking culture after banking sector reforms is set to focus on credit to customer durables’, to corporate allied and to capital market related activities. Since the aim of banking reforms is to make public sector banking more proficient in treasury operations, the importance of investing in priority sector seems to have lost its relevance for banks. The present study seeks to analyze the growth and structure of priority sector lending in different states during the pre and post-reform period in India. Further, an attempt is also made to probe the trends in disparities in priority sector lending across the selected states of India. The scope of the study is confined to priority sector lending by the public sector banks only. Since public sector banks represent majority of the commercial banking activities in India, the overall trend can be easily determined by analyzing the data of priority sector lending of the public sector banks alone. Public sector banks are those, which are included in the second schedule of Reserve Bank of India Act 1934. However, the regional rural banks are not included in the present study. The main objective of the study is to analyze the level and structure of priority sector lending in India during the pre and post-reform period. How with economic reforms, the growth and composition of priority sector lending has been affected needs to be analyzed. Further, to what extent the different stipulated targets of priority sector lending are met also remains to be examined. Whether, priority sector credit is evenly disbursed across different states/sectors or is confined to few states/sectors remain to be studied. So, the present study is an attempt to evaluate the performance of public sector banks during the pre and post-reform period in priority sector lending. The study comprises eight chapters in all. The first chapter contains the role of commercial banks in the process of economic development and the genesis of priority sector lending in India. Also, various issues relating to non-performing assets (NPAs) in priority sector lending is discussed in this chapter. Further, a brief review of literature on priority sector lending by the public sector banks has been presented in the second chapter. The third chapter outlines the need, scope, objectives, hypothesis, limitations and methods of investigations used in the study. In the fourth and fifth chapter, the performance of public sector banks in financing agriculture and small scale industries has been analyzed respectively. In the sixth chapter, the performance of banks with respect to ‘other priority sector’ has been evaluated. In the seventh chapter, the performance of public sector banks with respect to overall priority sector lending has been examined. The growth and structure of NPAs in priority sector lending are also analyzed in the seventh chapter. Finally, summing up of the findings and conclusions of the present study and suggestions for improving the quality of priority sector lending by public sector banks finds a place in the eighth (last) chapter of the study.
This paper assesses the vulnerability of emerging markets and their banks to aggregate shocks. We find significant links between banks' asset quality, credit and macroeconomic aggregates. Lower economic growth, an exchange rate depreciation, weaker terms of trade and a fall in debt-creating capital inflows reduce credit growth while loan quality deteriorates. Particularly noteworthy is the sharp deterioration of balance sheets following a reversal of portfolio inflows. We also find evidence of feedback effects from the financial sector on the wider economy. GDP growth falls after shocks that drive non-performing loans higher or generate a contraction in credit. This analysis was used in chapter 1 of the Global Financial Stability Report (September 2011) to help evaluate the sensitivity of banks' capital adequacy ratios to macroeconomic and funding cost shocks.
An excellent primer for students wanting to learn macroeconomics and policymaking - Kaushik Basu An important and timely contribution to our understanding of the Indian economy - Raghuram Rajan How to maintain financial stability in India? Quest for Restoring Financial Stability in India is a classic work to understand this critical subject. In this Penguin edition, with a new introduction, Viral V. Acharya, former Deputy Governor of RBI offers a concrete road map for comprehensive improvement of India's economy. Authoritative and definitive, this is a must read for the students and scholars of Indian economy, policymakers and anyone interested in India's finance sector.
This paper traces the story of Indian financial sector over the period 1950–2015. In identifying the trends and turns of Indian financial sector, the paper adopts a three period classification viz., (a) the 1950s and 1960s, which exhibited some elements of instability associated with laissez faire but underdeveloped banking; (b) the 1970s and 1980s that experienced the process of financial development across the country under government auspices, accompanied by a degree of financial repression; and (c) the period since the 1990s till date, that has been characterized by gradual and calibrated financial deepening and liberalization. Focusing more the third period, the paper argues that as a consequence of successive reforms over the past 25 years, there has been significant progress in making interest and exchange rates largely market determined, though the exchange rate regime remains one of managed float, and some interest rates remain administered. Considerable competition has been introduced in the banking sector through new private sector banks, but public sector banks continue have a dominant share in the market. Contractual savings systems have been improved, but pension funds in India are still in their infancy. Similarly, despite the introduction of new private sector insurance companies coverage of insurance can expand much further, which would also provide greater depth to the financial markets. The extent of development along all the segments of the financial market has not been uniform. While the equity market is quite developed, activities in the private debt market are predominantly confined to private placement form and continue to be limited to the bluechip companies. Going forward, the future areas for development in the Indian financial sector would include further reduction of public ownership in banks and insurance companies, expansion of the contractual savings system through more rapid expansion of the insurance and pension systems, greater spread of mutual funds, and development of institutional investors. It is only then that both the equity and debt markets will display greater breadth as well as depth, along with greater domestic liquidity. At the same time, while reforming the financial sector, the Indian authorities had to constantly keep the issues of equity and efficiency in mind.
