Nitrobenzene Production from Benzene - Cost Analysis - NB E11A
Nitrobenzene Production from Benzene - Cost Analysis - NB E11A

Author: Intratec

Publisher: Intratec Solutions

Published: 2016-03-01

Total Pages: 54

ISBN-13: 1945324163

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This report presents a cost analysis of Nitrobenzene production from benzene and nitric acid. The process examined is similar to NORAM's adiabatic benzene nitration process. In this process, the nitration reaction is conducted in a jet-impingement nitrator. This report examines one-time costs associated with the construction of a United States-based plant and the continuing costs associated with the daily operation of such a plant. More specifically, it discusses: * Capital Investment, broken down by: - Total fixed capital required, divided in production unit (ISBL); infrastructure (OSBL) and contingency - Alternative perspective on the total fixed capital, divided in direct costs, indirect costs and contingency - Working capital and costs incurred during industrial plant commissioning and start-up * Production cost, broken down by: - Manufacturing variable costs (raw materials, utilities) - Manufacturing fixed costs (maintenance costs, operating charges, plant overhead, local taxes and insurance) - Depreciation and corporate overhead costs * Raw materials consumption, products generation and labor requirements * Process block flow diagram and description of industrial site installations (production unit and infrastructure) This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: NORAM, Benzene Nitration

Nitrobenzene Production from Benzene - Cost Analysis - NB E11A
Nitrobenzene Production from Benzene - Cost Analysis - NB E11A

Author: Intratec

Publisher: Intratec

Published: 2019-09-17

Total Pages: 102

ISBN-13:

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This report presents a cost analysis of Nitrobenzene production from benzene and nitric acid. The process examined is similar to NORAM's adiabatic benzene nitration process. In this process, benzene, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid are sent to a plug-flow nitrator containing jet-impingement elements. The product from nitration is washed and purified, producing technical-grade Nitrobenzene. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) US Patent 20110245547, issued to NORAM International Limited in 2011 (2) "Nitrobenzene and Nitrotoluene", McKetta, J. J. and Cunningham, W. A.. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, Vol. 31 Keywords: NORAM, Benzene Nitration

Chemical Reaction Engineering
Chemical Reaction Engineering

Author: Octave Levenspiel

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 1998-09-01

Total Pages: 689

ISBN-13: 047125424X

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Chemical reaction engineering is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on a commercial scale. It's goal is the successful design and operation of chemical reactors. This text emphasizes qualitative arguments, simple design methods, graphical procedures, and frequent comparison of capabilities of the major reactor types. Simple ideas are treated first, and are then extended to the more complex.

Principles of Polymer Design and Synthesis
Principles of Polymer Design and Synthesis

Author: Wei-Fang Su

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-10-09

Total Pages: 314

ISBN-13: 3642387306

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How can a scientist or engineer synthesize and utilize polymers to solve our daily problems? This introductory text, aimed at the advanced undergraduate or graduate student, provides future scientists and engineers with the fundamental knowledge of polymer design and synthesis to achieve specific properties required in everyday applications. In the first five chapters, this book discusses the properties and characterization of polymers, since designing a polymer initially requires us to understand the effects of chemical structure on physical and chemical characteristics. Six further chapters discuss the principles of polymerization reactions including step, radical chain, ionic chain, chain copolymerization, coordination and ring opening. Finally, material is also included on how commonly known polymers are synthesized in a laboratory and a factory. This book is suitable for a one semester course in polymer chemistry and does not demand prior knowledge of polymer science.

Insect Chemoreception
Insect Chemoreception

Author: M.F. Ryan

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2002-01-31

Total Pages: 343

ISBN-13: 140200270X

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This volume encompasses and unites all the major topics relating to Insect Chemoreception. Part 1 addresses topics such as plant/insect interactions, pheromones, ultrastructure, electrophysiology and the biochemistry of chemoreceptors. Part 2 embraces applications of plant chemicals and cultivars in insect pest control, host plant resistance and pheromones. A concluding chapter discusses the scope and potential of genetic engineering. This comprehensive account of the major aspects of sustainable insect pest control, together with the key references cited, will point the way to relevant research projects, and provide an up-to-date awareness of recent developments in the field. Audience: Graduate students and researchers in insect chemoreception, chemical ecology and sustainable pest control.

Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems
Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems

Author: Kenneth A. Connors

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2003-04-02

Total Pages: 358

ISBN-13: 0471461393

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Studies of thermodynamics often fail to demonstrate how the mathematical intricacies of the subject relate to practical laboratory applications. Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems makes these connections clear, emphasizing specific applications to pharmaceutical systems in a study created specifically for contemporary curriculums at colleges of pharmacy. Students investigating drug discovery, drug delivery, and drug action will benefit from Kenneth Connors's authoritative treatment of the fundamentals of thermodynamics as well as his attention to drug molecules and experimental considerations. An extensive appendix that reviews the mathematics needed to master the pharmacy curriculum proves an invaluable reference. Connors divides his one-of-a-kind text into three sections: Basic Thermodynamics, Thermodynamics of Physical Processes, and Thermodynamics of Chemical Processes; chapters include: * Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics * The Entropy Concept * Phase Transformations * Solubility * Acid-Base Equilibria * Noncovalent Binding Equilibria Thermodynamics need not be a mystery nor be confined to the realm of mathematical theory. Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems introduces students of pharmacy to the profound thermodynamic applications in the laboratory while also serving as a handy resource for practicing researchers.

UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications
UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications

Author: Heinz-Helmut Perkampus

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-08

Total Pages: 252

ISBN-13: 3642774776

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UV-VIS spectroscopy is one of the oldest methods in molecular spectroscopy. The definitive formulation of the Bouguer-Lambert Beer law in 1852 created the basis for the quantitative evaluation of absorption measurements at an early date. This led firstly to colorimetry, then to photometry and finally to spectrophotometry. This evolution ran parallel with the development of detectors for measuring light intensities, i.e. from the human eye via the photo element and photocell, to the photomultiplier and from the photo graphic plate to the present silicon-diode detector both of which allow simultaneous measurement of the complete spectrum. With the development of quantum chemistry, increasing atten tion was paid to the correlation between light absorption and the structure of matter with the result that in recent decades a number of excellent discussions of the theory of electronic spectroscopy (UV-VIS and luminescence sp,~ctroscopy) have been published. Consequently, this extremely ivteresting aspect of molecular spec troscopy has dominated the teaching of the subject both in my own lectures and those of others. However, it is often overlooked that, in addition to the theory, applications of spectroscopic methods are of particular interest to scientists. For this reason, a lecture series about electronic spectroscopy given in the Institute for Physical Chemistry at the Heinrich-Heine-University in Dusseldorf was supplemented by one about "UV-VIS spectroscopy and its applications". This formed the basis of the present book.

BIOS Instant Notes in Analytical Chemistry
BIOS Instant Notes in Analytical Chemistry

Author: David Kealey

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Published: 2004-08-02

Total Pages: 536

ISBN-13: 1135323410

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Instant Notes in Analytical Chemistry provides students with a thorough comprehension of analytical chemistry and its applications. It supports the learning of principles and practice of analytical procedures and also covers the analytical techniques commonly used in laboratories today.

Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes
Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes

Author: James G. Speight

Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing

Published: 2010-12-24

Total Pages: 657

ISBN-13: 0080942717

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Written by an author with over 38 years of experience in the chemical and petrochemical process industry, this handbook will present an analysis of the process steps used to produce industrial hydrocarbons from various raw materials. It is the first book to offer a thorough analysis of external factors effecting production such as: cost, availability and environmental legislation. An A-Z list of raw materials and their properties are presented along with a commentary regarding their cost and availability. Specific processing operations described in the book include: distillation, thermal cracking and coking, catalytic methods, hydroprocesses, thermal and catalytic reforming, isomerization, alkylation processes, polymerization processes, solvent processes, water removal, fractionation and acid gas removal. - Flow diagrams and descriptions of more than 250 leading-edge process technologies - An analysis of chemical reactions and process steps that are required to produce chemicals from various raw materials - Properties, availability and environmental impact of various raw materials used in hydrocarbon processing