Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

Author: I. Yamamoto

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 300

ISBN-13: 4431679332

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The nicotinoids are the most important new class of pesticides, joining the organophosphorus compounds, methylcarbamates, and pyrethroids as the major insecticides. Recently, imidacloprid and related nicotinoids have begun replacing organophosphorus and methylcarbamate compounds as insecticides to control insect pests on major crops. Nicotinoids act on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, as does naturally occurring nicotine, but with remarkable effectiveness against insects while being safe for mammals; they are quickly degraded and do not persist in the environment. This volume describes the relationship of nicotinoids to botanical insecticidal alkaloids, their discovery and development as insecticides, and the prospects for their expanded use and for the development of resistance. This book is the first to provide concise, comprehensive information on nicotinoids, their chemistry, mode of action, metabolism, and application in agriculture.

Insect Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Insect Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Author: Steeve Hervé Thany

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-01-11

Total Pages: 127

ISBN-13: 1441964452

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The aim of this book is to summarize our understanding on the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This area of research received great impetus from the identification of the first subunit sequences to be used as neonicotinoid insecticide target sites. Although a book of this nature can provide the details only of commonly published results, it is hoped that it may provide a useful guide to the newcomer to the field as well as to point out some of the future challenges. For example, we need to determine the precise subunit nomenclature of insect nicotinic receptors. This nomenclature varies amongst species and this led to some of the early confusion that persists. We need to be precise in identifying the subunit composition of native insect nicotinic receptor subtypes, their functional properties and physiological roles.

Biochemical Sites of Insecticide Action and Resistance
Biochemical Sites of Insecticide Action and Resistance

Author: Isaac Ishaaya

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 353

ISBN-13: 3642595499

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In recent years many of the conventional methods of insect control by broad spectrum synthetic chemicals have come under scrutiny because of their unde sirable effects on human health and the environment. In addition, some classes of pesticide chemistry, which generated resistance problems and severely affected the environment, are no longer used. It is against this background that the authors of this book present up-to-date findings-relating to biochemical sites that can serve as targets for developing insecticides with selective prop erties, and as the basis for the elucidation of resistance mechanisms and countermeasures. The book consists of eight chapters relating to biochemical targets for insec ticide action and seven chapters relating to biochemical modes of resistance and countermeasures. The authors of the chapters are world leaders in pesti cide chemistry, biochemical modes of action and mechanisms of resistance. Biochemical sites such as chitin formation, juvenile hormone and ecdysone receptors, acetylcholine and GABA receptors, ion channels, and neuropeptides are potential targets for insecticide action. The progress made in recent years in molecular biology (presented in depth in this volume) has led to the iden tification of genes that confer mechanisms of resistance, such as increased detoxification, decreased penetration and insensitive target sites. A combina tion of factors can lead to potentiation of the resistance level. Classifications of these mechanisms are termed gene amplification, changes in structural genes, and modification of gene expression.

New Insights on the Binding of Insect Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists from Multiscale Molecular Modeling
New Insights on the Binding of Insect Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists from Multiscale Molecular Modeling

Author: Zakaria Alamiddine

Publisher:

Published: 2016

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are nowadays one important target for insecticide discovery. In this work, we have determined from a multiscale molecular modeling approach (i) the structural and conformational features of nine competitive modulators of insect nAChRs, among which the seven neonicotinoids and two emerging compounds (sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone) (ii) the interactions of the nine compounds with a 3D model of insect nAChRs, Ac-AChBP, from docking (iii) the structural fluctuations and the variation of interaction energies of the different complexes as a function of time from molecular dynamic (MD) simulations over a period of 40 ns (iv) refined structural and energetic parameters of a selection of the most relevant complexes from QM/QM' calculations. These studies have highlighted the important flexible character of the compounds, a significant number of energetic minima (from 5 to 10) being observed on a narrow energetic range (of about 10 kJ mol-1). The docking and MD simulations have pointed out notable differences of interactions of the ligands allowing the determination of a ranking of their interaction energies with Ac-AChBP. Finally, the trends suggested by the previous molecular modeling investigations have been refined by QM/QM' calculations, that have led to accurate structural and energetic parameters for the various key components of the binding of these important insecticides to their target.

Insecticides with Novel Modes of Action
Insecticides with Novel Modes of Action

Author: Isaac Ishaaya

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-06-29

Total Pages: 442

ISBN-13: 3662035650

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The future of insect control looked very bright in the 1950s and 1960s with new insecticides constantly coming onto the market. Today, however, whole classes of pesticide chemistry have fallen by the wayside due to misuse which generated resistance problems reaching crisis proportions, severe adverse effects on the environment, and public outcry that has led to increasingly stricter regulation and legislation. It is with this background, demanding the need for safer, environmentally friendly pesticides and new strategies to reduce resistance problems, that this book was written. The authors of the various chapters have a wealth of experience in pesticide chemistry, biochemical modes of action, mechanism of resistance and application, and have presented concise reviews. Each is actively involved in thedevelopment of new groups of pesticide chemistry which led to the development of novel insecticides with special impact in controlling agricultural pests. Emphasis has been given to insecticides with selective properties, such as insect growth regulators hormone mimics, ecdysone agonists), (chitin synthesis inhibitors, juvenile chloronicotinyl insecticides (imidacloprid, acetamiprid), botanical insecticides (neem, plant oils), pymetrozine, diafenthiuron, pyrrole insecticides, and others. The importance of these compounds, as components in integrated pest management programs and in insecticide resistance management strategies, is discussed. The data presented are essential in establishing new technologies and developing novel groups of compounds which will have impact on our future agricultural practices.

Handbook of Neurotoxicology
Handbook of Neurotoxicology

Author: Edward J. Massaro

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2001-11-12

Total Pages: 658

ISBN-13: 1592591329

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Neurotoxicology is a broad and burgeoning field of research. Its growth in recent years can be related, in part, to increased interest in and concern with the fact that a growing number of anthropogenic agents with neurotoxic potential, including pesticides, lead, mercury, and the polytypic bypro ducts of combustion and industrial production, continue to be spewed into and accumulate in the environment. In addition, there is great interest in natural products, including toxins, as sources of therapeutic agents. Indeed, it is well known that many natural toxins of broadly differing structure, produced or accumulated for predatory or defensive purposes, and toxic agents, accumulated incidentally by numerous species, function to perturb nervous tissue. Components of some of these toxins have been shown to be useful therapeutic agents and/or research reagents. Unfor tunately, the environmental accumulation of some neurotoxic ants of anthropogenic ori gin, especially pesticides and metals, has resulted in incidents of human poisoning, some of epidemic proportion, and high levels of morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, an increasing incidence of neurobehavioral disorders, some with baffling symptoms, is confronting clinicians. It is not clear whether this is merely the result of increased vigi lance and/or improved diagnostics or a consequence of improved health care. In any case, the role of exposure to environmental and occupational neurotoxic ants in the etiology of these phenomena, as well as neurodegenerative diseases, is coming under increasing scrutiny and investigation.

Insect Resistance to Neonicotinoids - Current Status, Mechanism and Management Strategies
Insect Resistance to Neonicotinoids - Current Status, Mechanism and Management Strategies

Author: Shrawan Kumar Kumar Sahani

Publisher:

Published: 2019

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Pesticides are any substance used for controlling, preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating of pests. Neonicotinoids have been the most commonly used insecticide since the early 1990s, current market share of more than 25% of total global insecticide sales. Neonicotinoid insecticides are highly selective agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that exhibit physicochemical properties, rendering them more useful over other classes of insecticides. This includes having a wide range of application techniques and efficacy in controlling sucking and biting insects. Although neonicotinoids are applied as foliar insecticides with possible direct exposure risks to honeybees, a large part of neonicotinoid use consists of seed coating or root drench application. There are three major detoxification enzymes involved in the development of resistance against insecticides viz., cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, carboxylesterases, and glutathione S-transferases. The repeatedly used use of compounds of the same active ingredients and application of excessive organophosphates (OPs) and pyrethroids in Bemisia tabaci. Resistance to insecticides resulting in loss of efficacy of many older insecticides has placed excessive pressure on novel products. One of the major limitations to resistance management is the occurrence of cross-resistance. This review briefly summarizes the current status of neonicotinoid resistance, the biochemical and mechanisms involved, and the implications for resistance management.

Advances in Pesticide Science
Advances in Pesticide Science

Author: H. Geissbühler

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2013-09-11

Total Pages: 513

ISBN-13: 1483182142

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Advances in Pesticide Science: Abstracts and Addendum documents the proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry held in Zurich on July 24-28, 1978. This book discusses the synthesis of isocoumarins and their biological activities; structure-activity correlations in control of membrane-bound linolenic acid with substituted pyridazinones; and oxidative processes in pesticide transformation. The cardiovascular and neurotoxicity of endosulfan; chemistry and plant growth regulating activity of fusicoccin derivatives and analogs; and pesticide interactions with naturally occurring food components are also elaborated. This compilation likewise covers the techniques for deriving realistic estimates of pesticide intakes; confirmation tests for pesticides based on gas chromatographic techniques; surfactants in flowable formulations; and thin-layer densitometry. This publication is a good reference for biologists and chemists researching on pesticides and its relation to food and the environment.