Describes phenomenon. Suggested methods of control involve lowering freezing point of soil water or restricting water flow through soil to freezing front.
The results of a six-year field test program conducted near Fairbanks, AK, to investigate the reduction in frost heave obtained by applying a surcharge stress on the soil are presented. Seasonal heaves of 25-ft-square test sections with nominal surcharge loads of 2, 4, 6, and 8 psi were compared with heaves at adjacent unloaded sections. The test sections were on a silt soil in an area where permafrost existed at about a seven-ft depth. Results showed that only a small surcharge load was needed to cause significant reductions in heave. Data are included that indicate that heave reduction was achieved by minimizing groundwater migration. A method for correlating field and laboratory rate-of-heave data is suggested. (Author).
Volume 2 of the Handbook covers the geotechnical procedures used in manufacturing anchors and piles as well as for improving or underpinning foundations, securing existing constructions, controlling ground water, excavating rocks and earth works. It also treats such specialist areas as the use of geotextiles and seeding.
The information presented herein concerns the basic considerations of the frost action problem: namely, water temperature, soil, and the freezing mechanism of soil-water systems.
This volume analyzes the global challenges of food security, land use changes, and climate change impacts on food production in order to recommend sustainable development policies, anticipate future food services and demands, and identify the economic benefits and trade-offs of meeting food security demands and achieving climate change mitigation objectives. The key points of analysis that form the conclusions of this book are based on measuring the quantity and quality of land and water resources, and the rate of use of sustainable management of these resources in the context of socio-economic factors, including food security, poverty, and climate change impacts. In six parts, readers will learn about these crucial dimensions of the affects of climate change on food security, and will gain a better understanding of how to assess the trade-offs when combating multiple climate change challenges and how to develop sustainable solutions to these problems. The book presents multidimensional perspectives from expert contributors, offering holistic and strategic approaches to link knowledge on climate change and food security with action in the form of policy recommendations, with a focus on sociological and socio-economic components of climate change impacts. The intended audience of the book includes students and researchers engaged in climate change and food security issues, NGOs, and policy makers.