Throughout its empirical research history eye movement research has always been aware of the differences in reading behavior induced by individual differences and task demands. This work introduces a novel comprehensive concept of reading strategy, comprising individual differences in reading style and reading skill as well as reader goals. In a series of sentence reading experiments recording eye movements, the influence of reading strategies on reader- and word-level effects assuming distributed processing has been investigated. Results provide evidence for strategic, top-down influences on eye movement control that extend our understanding of eye guidance in reading.
The distinguished contributors to this volume have been set the problem of describing how we know where to move our eyes. There is a great deal of current interest in the use of eye movement recordings to investigate various mental processes. The common theme is that variations in eye movements indicate variations in the processing of what is being perceived, whether in reading, driving or scene perception. However, a number of problems of interpretation are now emerging, and this edited volume sets out to address these problems. The book investigates controversies concerning the variations in eye movements associated with reading ability, concerning the extent to which text is used by the guidance mechanism while reading, concerning the relationship between eye movements and the control of other body movements, the relationship between what is inspected and what is perceived, and concerning the role of visual control attention in the acquisition of complex perceptual-motor skills, in addition to the nature of the guidance mechanism itself. The origins of the volume are in discussions held at a meeting of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology (ESCOP) that was held in Wurzburg in September 1996. The discussions concerned the landing effect in reading, an effect, that if substantiated, would provide evidence of the use of parafoveal information in eye guidance, and these discussions were explored in more detail at a small meeting in Chamonix, in February 1997. Many of the contributors to this volume were present at the meeting, but the arguments were not resolved in Chamonix either. Other leaders in the field were invited to contribute to the discussion, and this volume is the product. The argument remains unresolved, but the problem is certainly clearer.
Edited by a leading scholar in the field, Eye Movements and Visual Cognitionpresents an up-to-date overview of the topics relevant to understanding the relationship between eye movements and visual cognition, particularly in relation to scene perception and reading. Cognitive psychologists, neuropsychologists, educational psychologists, and reading specialists will find this volume to be an authoritative source of state-of-the art research in this rapidly expanding area of study.
Eye-tracking is quickly becoming a valuable tool in applied linguistics research as it provides a 'real-time', direct measure of cognitive processing effort. This book provides a straightforward introduction to the technology and how it might be used in language research. With a strong focus on the practicalities of designing eye-tracking studies that achieve the standard of other well-established experimental techniques, it provides valuable information about building and designing studies, touching on common challenges and problems, as well as solutions. Importantly, the book looks at the use of eye-tracking in a wide variety of applied contexts including reading, listening and multi-modal input, writing, testing, corpus linguistics, translation, stylistics, and computer-mediated communication. Each chapter finishes with a simple checklist to help researchers use eye-tracking in a wide variety of language studies. Discussion is grounded in concrete examples, which will allow users coming to the technology for the first time to gain the knowledge and confidence to use it to produce high quality research.
The second symposium on processing visible language constituted a different "mix" of participants from the first. Greater emphasis was given to the design of language, both in its historical development and in its current display; and to practical questions associated with machine-implementation oflanguage, in the interactions of person and computer, and in the characteristics of the physical and environmental objects that affect the interaction. Another change was that a special session on theory capped the proceedings. Psychologists remained heavily involved, however, both as contributors to and as discussants of the work pre sented. The motivation of the conferences remains one of bringing together graphic designers, engineers, and psychologists concerned with the display and acquisition of visible language. The papers separately tended to emphasize the one of the three disciplines that mark their authors' field of endeavor, but are constructed to be general rather than parochial. Moreover, within the three disciplines, papers emphasized either the textual or the more pictorial aspects. For example, a session on writing systems ranged from principles that seem to characterize all such systems to specific papers on ancient Egyptian writing, modern Korean, and English shorthand. The complementary session on the nontextual media opened with a discussion of general principles of pictorial communication and included papers on communicating instructions, general information, or religious belief through designs and other pictorial forms, as well as a discussion. of misrepresentation.
Eye Movements in Reading: Perceptual and Language Processes focuses on eye movement and cognitive processes as a way to study the reading process. This book also discusses the different aspects of reading. Organized into seven parts encompassing 26 chapters, this book begins with a discussion on the perceptual and psychophysical factors essential to eye movement during reading. This book then explains how some psychophysical factors, such as type size and masking, affect the reading performance. Other chapters consider the role of transient and sustained cells, as well as their possible effects on reading. This text also examines the size of the perceptual span in reading and the integration of information across eye movement. Finally, this book explains the eye movement abnormalities, general eye movement parameters, and the cognitive processes within the reading disabled group. This book is a valuable resource to optometrists, scientists, field researchers, and readers who are interested in the reading process.
Reading is a process through which learners construct meaning and gain critical knowledge necessary to participate in our global society. Children become literate beings and productive participants in their social worlds when they read critically. In this edited book, we bring together researchers, internationally and transnationally, to share Eye Movement Miscue Analysis (EMMA) research that deepens and expands understandings of the reading process and addresses ways to support the literacy development of diverse populations. EMMA is an innovative method of study that combines research on eye movement and miscue analysis to examine how reading works. This book expands on and frames how EMMA can best be utilized to its potential to explore multiple aspects of literacies, such as reading multimodally, identifying literacy achievement, examining young children's or college readers' strategies when reading various texts, or applying EMMA in understanding readers who speak a variety of languages. It is practical, research-based, and theoretically driven to help its audience like those in various academic field understand and explore multiple dimensions of literacy through eye movement miscue analysis in an expanding global world. It is a groundbreaking contribution explaining literacy from a comprehensive and practical lens. Most of all, this book provides socially and culturally diverse K- adult learning and teaching contexts applicable for learners, educators and researchers to meet the needs of 21st century global world. This book can be used in foundations of literacy courses, methods and assessment courses, as well as research design and application in education and other fields.
In the past few years, there has been an explosion of eye movement research in cognitive science and neuroscience. This has been due to the availability of 'off the shelf' eye trackers, along with software to allow the easy acquisition and analysis of eye movement data. Accompanying this has been a realisation that eye movement data can be informative about many different aspects of perceptual and cognitive processing. Eye movements have been used to examine the visual and cognitive processes underpinning a much broader range of human activities, including, language production, dialogue, human computer interaction, driving behaviour, sporting performance, and emotional states. Finally, in the past thirty years, there have been real advances in our understanding of the neural processes that underpin eye movement behaviour. The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements provides the first comprehensive review of the entire field of eye movement research. In over fifty chapters, it reviews the developments that have so far taken place, the areas actively being researched, and looks at how the field is likely to devlop in the coming years. The first section considers historical and background material, before moving onto section 2 on the neural basis of eye movements. The third and fourth sections looks at visual cognition and eye movements and eye movement pathology and development. The final sections consider eye movements and reading and language processing and eye movements. Bringing together cutting edge research from and international team of leading psychologists, neuroscientists, and vision researchers, this book is the definitive reference work in this field.
High-stakes reading comprehension assessment is commonplace in schools, given the increased emphasis on accountability for educational outcomes (Barksdale-Ladd & Thomas, 2000). Yet, not all assessment practices have empirical support. This two-study dissertation examined areas related to reading comprehension assessment: test-taking strategies and question format. Both studies employed eye tracking technology in order to examine participants' underlying reading comprehension behavior. Due to conflicting findings regarding the effectiveness of test-taking strategies during reading comprehension assessment (e.g., Wiesendanger, Birlem, & Wollenberg, 1982), the purpose of Chapter 2 was to investigate elementary students' reading behavior during a reading comprehension assessment under typical conditions and when required to read the passage first (PF) or read the questions first (QF). Participants were 84 third- and fourth-grade students who first completed a control condition and then completed PF and QF conditions in randomized order. Eye movement data revealed that the QF strategy was generally less efficient than the PF strategy. The purpose of Chapter 3 was to investigate the impact of anticipated question format (i.e., Multiple-Choice; MC or Short Answer; SA) on elementary students' eye movements during reading. This study addressed concerns that MC questions may alter what reading assessments measure (Martinez, 1999; Rupp, Ferne, & Choi, 2006). Additionally, this study examined the influence of SA questions on reading behavior, given that new reading assessments will include more SA questions (Polikoff, 2014). Participants included 87 third- and fourth-grade students who were randomly assigned to the MC or SA condition. Condition assignment dictated the type of questions participants expected to answer after reading a passage. Results indicated that participants in the SA condition engaged in different eye movements than participants in the MC condition. Overall, this dissertation extends research in the fields of school psychology and cognitive psychology. Implications of the studies reported upon in Chapters 2 and 3 may inform future studies regarding the validity of reading comprehension assessment practices. Implications of findings from the two studies for classroom practices were also discussed.
