This book provides readers with sufficient insight into battery equalization control technologies from both theoretical and engineering perspectives. Distinguished from most of the existing works that focus on the hardware design of active equalizers, this book intends to comprehensively introduce equalization control strategies for lithium-ion battery packs. The validity and reliability of the control strategies in this book have been verified by theory and experiments. This book summarizes the battery equalization technologies from the equalization system to the equalization control algorithm. From this book, readers who are interested in the area of battery management can have a broad view of cell equalization technologies. Readers who have no experience in the battery management area can learn the basic concept, analysis methods, and design principles of the cell equalization system for battery packs. Even for the readers who are occupied in this area, this book provides rich knowledge on engineering applications and future trends of battery equalization control.
In this book, the most state-of-the-art advanced model-based charging control technologies for lithium-ion batteries are explained from the fundamental theories to practical designs and applications, especially on the battery modelling, user-involved, and fast charging control algorithm design. Moreover, some other necessary design considerations, such as battery pack charging control with centralized and distributed structures, are also introduced to provide excellent solutions for improving the charging performance and extending the lifetime of the batteries/battery packs. Finally, some future directions are mentioned in brief. This book summarizes the model-based charging control technologies from the cell level to the battery pack level. From this book, readers interested in battery management can have a broad view of modern battery charging technologies. Readers who have no experience in battery management can learn the basic concept, analysis methods, and design principles of battery charging systems. Even for the readers who are occupied in this area, this book also provides rich knowledge on engineering applications and future trends of battery charging technologies.
A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Covers the timely topic of battery management systems for lithium batteries. After introducing the problem and basic background theory, it discusses battery modeling and state estimation. In addition to theoretical modeling it also contains practical information on charging and discharging control technology, cell equalisation and application to electric vehicles, and a discussion of the key technologies and research methods of the lithium-ion power battery management system. The author systematically expounds the theory knowledge included in the lithium-ion battery management systems and its practical application in electric vehicles, describing the theoretical connotation and practical application of the battery management systems. Selected graphics in the book are directly derived from the real vehicle tests. Through comparative analysis of the different system structures and different graphic symbols, related concepts are clear and the understanding of the battery management systems is enhanced. Contents include: key technologies and the difficulty point of vehicle power battery management system; lithium-ion battery performance modeling and simulation; the estimation theory and methods of the lithium-ion battery state of charge, state of energy, state of health and peak power; lithium-ion battery charge and discharge control technology; consistent evaluation and equalization techniques of the battery pack; battery management system design and application in electric vehicles. A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Using simulation technology, schematic diagrams and case studies, the basic concepts are described clearly and offer detailed analysis of battery charge and discharge control principles Equips the reader with the understanding and concept of the power battery, providing a clear cognition of the application and management of lithium ion batteries in electric vehicles Arms audiences with lots of case studies Essential reading for Researchers and professionals working in energy technologies, utility planners and system engineers.
A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Covers the timely topic of battery management systems for lithium batteries. After introducing the problem and basic background theory, it discusses battery modeling and state estimation. In addition to theoretical modeling it also contains practical information on charging and discharging control technology, cell equalisation and application to electric vehicles, and a discussion of the key technologies and research methods of the lithium-ion power battery management system. The author systematically expounds the theory knowledge included in the lithium-ion battery management systems and its practical application in electric vehicles, describing the theoretical connotation and practical application of the battery management systems. Selected graphics in the book are directly derived from the real vehicle tests. Through comparative analysis of the different system structures and different graphic symbols, related concepts are clear and the understanding of the battery management systems is enhanced. Contents include : key technologies and the difficulty point of vehicle power battery management system; lithium-ion battery performance modeling and simulation; the estimation theory and methods of the lithium-ion battery state of charge, state of energy, state of health and peak power; lithium-ion battery charge and discharge control technology; consistent evaluation and equalization techniques of the battery pack; battery management system design and application in electric vehicles. A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Using simulation technology, schematic diagrams and case studies, the basic concepts are described clearly and offer detailed analysis of battery charge and discharge control principles Equips the reader with the understanding and concept of the power battery, providing a clear cognition of the application and management of lithium ion batteries in electric vehicles Arms audiences with lots of case studies Essential reading for Researchers and professionals working in energy technologies, utility planners and system engineers.
Climate change has become one of the most important global challenges that both developing and developed nations face in the 21st Century. In the transportation sector, electric vehicles (xEV) have emerged as a viable solution to fight climate change. However, the short longevity of the battery system, and their limited range which depends on the battery performance, remains a drawback . In the electric power sector, renewable energy (solar and wind) have emerged as a strong alternative, but these sources are intermittent and cause fluctuations on the electrical power grid. To solve these issues, renewable energy systems are sometimes coupled with a battery energy storage system (BESS). Most of these large BESS consist of lithium ion batteries because they are becoming more cost effective than other types. However, there is an issue with both of these applications: as the battery ages, the performance of the battery pack is limited because large variations develop between the large number of series connected cells. This requires the use of an electronic equalizer (EQU) to balance the cell voltages. Currently there are two types of equalizers: passive and active. The passive EQU monitors the weakest cell (lowest voltage), and removes charge from the other cells by dissipating their energy as heat through shunt resistors until all cells voltages equal the weakest cell. This leads to energy loss (heating), reduced capacity, and poor performance. In spite of this, the vast majority of users prefer to use passive EQUs because they are cheap. The second type is called an active EQU, and it transfers charge from one cell to another to balance the cell voltages. This results in reduced energy loss, increased capacity, and higher performance for the battery pack. Although active EQUs have high performance, they remain expensive, costing about 10x the cost of passives. As a result, very few users use active equalizers. This research proposes a solution that has high performance close to an active EQU but at a low cost like the passive EQU. This solution is the Bilevel Equalizer (BEQ), which is a unique hybrid because it consists of both an active (AEQ) and a passive (PEQ) EQU. Current battery management systems (BMS) use either a passive EQU or an active EQU, but they do not use both. The term bilevel is used because the BEQ balances the cell voltages at two different levels. A large Li-ion battery consists of a large number of cells connected in series, e.g., 96 cells. The BEQ organizes the battery into sections of a few cells each, e.g., 4-12. For example, a 96 cell battery might be organized into 16 sections of 6 cells each. The voltages of the 6 cells in each section are balanced by a PEQ, for that section, and the 16 section voltages are balanced by an AEQ. As a result, a weak cell in a section only drags down the other cells within that section, instead of all cells in the battery pack. The AEQ then transfers charge to the weakest section from the other sections. As a result, the battery capacity is increased to a level close to that for a pure AEQ. The BEQ has a lower cost than the AEQ because of the lower number of active EQU units, e.g., 15 for the BEQ (number of sections -1) vs. 96 for an AEQ in the previous 96 cell example.
Addresses the methodology and theoretical foundation of battery manufacturing, service and management systems (BM2S2), and discusses the issues and challenges in these areas This book brings together experts in the field to highlight the cutting edge research advances in BM2S2 and to promote an innovative integrated research framework responding to the challenges. There are three major parts included in this book: manufacturing, service, and management. The first part focuses on battery manufacturing systems, including modeling, analysis, design and control, as well as economic and risk analyses. The second part focuses on information technology’s impact on service systems, such as data-driven reliability modeling, failure prognosis, and service decision making methodologies for battery services. The third part addresses battery management systems (BMS) for control and optimization of battery cells, operations, and hybrid storage systems to ensure overall performance and safety, as well as EV management. The contributors consist of experts from universities, industry research centers, and government agency. In addition, this book: Provides comprehensive overviews of lithium-ion battery and battery electrical vehicle manufacturing, as well as economic returns and government support Introduces integrated models for quality propagation and productivity improvement, as well as indicators for bottleneck identification and mitigation in battery manufacturing Covers models and diagnosis algorithms for battery SOC and SOH estimation, data-driven prognosis algorithms for predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of battery SOC and SOH Presents mathematical models and novel structure of battery equalizers in battery management systems (BMS) Reviews the state of the art of battery, supercapacitor, and battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) for advanced electric vehicle applications Advances in Battery Manufacturing, Services, and Management Systems is written for researchers and engineers working on battery manufacturing, service, operations, logistics, and management. It can also serve as a reference for senior undergraduate and graduate students interested in BM2S2.
Lithium Ion battery packs are becoming larger and more ubiquitous as the demand for both hybrid and electrical cars grows as well as the demand for storage systems for buildings and the power grid. As with all Lithium Ion batteries, these systems require an equalizer unit to be built with them. This system will almost always be of a passive equalizer design. While this works it is an inefficient way of handling the issues these systems resolve. During the course of this work a new type of equalizer system called a Hybrid Equalizer is presented and designed to greatly improve the efficiencies of these equalizers while optimizing cost. While a working system was produced and tested there is still room for improvement in both improving the system efficiency and also reducing cost. This work was able to show that this type of equalizer is a feasible and flexible system that can be used as an efficient way to equalize large battery pack.
The handbook focuses on a complete outline of lithium-ion batteries. Just before starting with an exposition of the fundamentals of this system, the book gives a short explanation of the newest cell generation. The most important elements are described as negative / positive electrode materials, electrolytes, seals and separators. The battery disconnect unit and the battery management system are important parts of modern lithium-ion batteries. An economical, faultless and efficient battery production is a must today and is represented with one chapter in the handbook. Cross-cutting issues like electrical, chemical, functional safety are further topics. Last but not least standards and transportation themes are the final chapters of the handbook. The different topics of the handbook provide a good knowledge base not only for those working daily on electrochemical energy storage, but also to scientists, engineers and students concerned in modern battery systems.
Addresses the methodology and theoretical foundation of battery manufacturing, service and management systems (BM2S2), and discusses the issues and challenges in these areas This book brings together experts in the field to highlight the cutting edge research advances in BM2S2 and to promote an innovative integrated research framework responding to the challenges. There are three major parts included in this book: manufacturing, service, and management. The first part focuses on battery manufacturing systems, including modeling, analysis, design and control, as well as economic and risk analyses. The second part focuses on information technology’s impact on service systems, such as data-driven reliability modeling, failure prognosis, and service decision making methodologies for battery services. The third part addresses battery management systems (BMS) for control and optimization of battery cells, operations, and hybrid storage systems to ensure overall performance and safety, as well as EV management. The contributors consist of experts from universities, industry research centers, and government agency. In addition, this book: Provides comprehensive overviews of lithium-ion battery and battery electrical vehicle manufacturing, as well as economic returns and government support Introduces integrated models for quality propagation and productivity improvement, as well as indicators for bottleneck identification and mitigation in battery manufacturing Covers models and diagnosis algorithms for battery SOC and SOH estimation, data-driven prognosis algorithms for predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of battery SOC and SOH Presents mathematical models and novel structure of battery equalizers in battery management systems (BMS) Reviews the state of the art of battery, supercapacitor, and battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) for advanced electric vehicle applications Advances in Battery Manufacturing, Services, and Management Systems is written for researchers and engineers working on battery manufacturing, service, operations, logistics, and management. It can also serve as a reference for senior undergraduate and graduate students interested in BM2S2.
