Read and Download eBook Full
Author: Love Patrick
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Published: 2009-05-19
Total Pages: 197
ISBN-13: 926406026X
DOWNLOAD EBOOKArgues that prosperity has rarely, if ever, been achieved or sustained without trade. Trade alone, however, is not enough; policies targeting employment, education, health and other issues are also needed to promote well-being and tackle the challenges of a globalised economy.
Author: Inter-American Development Bank
Publisher: Springer
Published: 2016-07-01
Total Pages: 366
ISBN-13: 1349581518
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis volume uses the study of firm dynamics to investigate the factors preventing faster productivity growth in Latin America and the Caribbean, pushing past the limits of traditional macroeconomic analyses. Each chapter is dedicated to an examination of a different factor affecting firm productivity - innovation, ICT usage, on-the-job-training, firm age, access to credit, and international linkages - highlighting the differences in firm characteristics, behaviors, and strategies. By showcasing this remarkable heterogeneity, this collection challenges regional policymakers to look beyond one-size-fits-all solutions and create balanced policy mixes tailored to distinct firm needs. This book is open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO license.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Published: 2006-03-27
Total Pages: 76
ISBN-13: 0309180910
DOWNLOAD EBOOKMass media has frequently covered stories concerning "outsourcing" or the moving of U.S. jobs to foreign locations by U.S. multinational companies. More often than not this "outsourcing" is of benefit to the companies' owners and managers. The discussion has spilled over into the political debate with candidates for national office making statements and suggesting policies for dealing with the issue. Due to the fact that many companies have fragmented the production process, however, it is difficult to examine the effect of "outsourcing"- the transfer of a business function from inside a firm to an outside source, with no reference to borders of countries- and "offshoring"-the movement of jobs that had been in the United States to a foreign location, without regard to business ownership- on the U.S. as many imports contain U.S. parts and many exports contain foreign parts. In the current situation, Congress mandated a study by the National Research Council, which was undertaken by the Committee on Analyzing the U.S. Content of Imports and the Foreign Content of Exports under a contract with the U.S. Department of Commerce. Analyzing the U.S. Content of Imports and the Foreign Content of Exports presents the findings of the committee.The committee refers to the availability and quality of data on the foreign content of U.S. exports and the domestic content of U.S. imports as "the content question." This was not been an easy task as data on actual content simply do not exist.
Author: Nagwa Riad
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2012-01-15
Total Pages: 87
ISBN-13: 1463973101
DOWNLOAD EBOOKChanging Patterns of Global Trade outlines the factors underlying important shifts in global trade that have occurred in recent decades. The emergence of global supply chains and their increasing role in trade patterns allowed emerging market economies to boost their inputs in high-technology exports and is associated with increased trade interconnectedness.The analysis points to one important trend taking place over the last decade: the emergence of China as a major systemically important trading hub, reflecting not only the size of trade but also the increase in number of its significant trading partners.
Author: Hang T. Banh
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2020-07-03
Total Pages: 41
ISBN-13: 1513542303
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented collapse in global economic activity and trade. The crisis has also highlighted the role played by global value chains (GVC), with countries facing shortages of components vital to everything from health systems to everyday household goods. Despite the vulnerabilities associated with increased interconnectedness, GVCs have also contributed to increasing productivity and long-term growth. We explore empirically the impact of GVC participation on productivity in Estonia using firm-level data from 2000 to 2016. We find that higher GVC participation at the industry level significantly boosts productivity at both the industry and the firm level. Frontier firms, large firms, and exporting firms also benefit more from GVC participation than non-frontier firms, small firms, and non-exporting firms. We also find that GVC participation of downstream industries has a negative correlation with productivity. Frontier firms and large firms benefit more from GVC participation of upstream industries, while non-frontier firms and small firms benefit more from GVC participation of downstream industries. Our results suggest that policies designed to promote participation in GVCs are important to raise aggregate productivity and potential growth in Estonia.
Author: Sergii Meleshchuk
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2020-05-22
Total Pages: 35
ISBN-13: 1513545272
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn this paper we demonstrate the importance of distinguishing capital goods tariffs from other tariffs. Using exposure to a quasi-natural experiment induced by a trade reform in Colombia, we find that firms that have been more exposed to a reduction in intermediate and consumption input or output tariffs do not significantly increase their investment rates. However, firms’ investment rate increase strongly in response to a reduction in capital goods input tariffs. Firms do not substitute capital with labor, but instead also increase employment, especially for production workers. Reduction in other tariff rates do not increase investment and employment. Our results suggest that a reduction in the relative price of capital goods can significantly boost investment and employment and does not seem to lead to a decline in the labor share.
Author: U. S. Customs and Border Protection
Publisher:
Published: 2015-10-12
Total Pages: 0
ISBN-13: 9781304100061
DOWNLOAD EBOOKExplains process of importing goods into the U.S., including informed compliance, invoices, duty assessments, classification and value, marking requirements, etc.
Author: Mr.Koshy Mathai
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2016-09-01
Total Pages: 84
ISBN-13: 1475531710
DOWNLOAD EBOOKChina’s trade patterns are evolving. While it started in light manufacturing and the assembly of more sophisticated products as part of global supply chains, China is now moving up the value chain, “onshoring” the production of higher-value-added upstream products and moving into more sophisticated downstream products as well. At the same time, with its wages rising, it has started to exit some lower-end, more labor-intensive sectors. These changes are taking place in the broader context of China’s rebalancing—away from exports and toward domestic demand, and within the latter, away from investment and toward consumption—and as a consequence, demand for some commodity imports is slowing, while consumption imports are slowly rising. The evolution of Chinese trade, investment, and consumption patterns offers opportunities and challenges to low-wage, low-income countries, including China’s neighbors in the Mekong region. Cambodia, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, and Vietnam (the CLMV) are all open economies that are highly integrated with China. Rebalancing in China may mean less of a role for commodity exports from the region, but at the same time, the CLMV’s low labor costs suggest that manufacturing assembly for export could take off as China becomes less competitive, and as China itself demands more consumption items. Labor costs, however, are only part of the story. The CLMV will need to strengthen their infrastructure, education, governance, and trade regimes, and also run sound macro policies in order to capitalize fully on the opportunities presented by China’s transformation. With such policy efforts, the CLMV could see their trade and integration with global supply chains grow dramatically in the coming years.
Author: United States Tariff Commission
Publisher:
Published: 1968
Total Pages: 184
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Publisher: Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development
Published: 2007
Total Pages: 236
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKOffshoring - the transfer of an industrial activity abroad - is defined in detail and its effects examined.
