Toxic Communities
Toxic Communities

Author: Dorceta E. Taylor

Publisher: NYU Press

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 356

ISBN-13: 1479805157

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From St. Louis to New Orleans, from Baltimore to Oklahoma City, there are poor and minority neighborhoods so beset by pollution that just living in them can be hazardous to your health. Due to entrenched segregation, zoning ordinances that privilege wealthier communities, or because businesses have found the OCypaths of least resistance, OCO there are many hazardous waste and toxic facilities in these communities, leading residents to experience health and wellness problems on top of the race and class discrimination most already experience. Taking stock of the recent environmental justice scholarship, a Toxic Communities aexamines the connections among residential segregation, zoning, and exposure to environmental hazards. Renowned environmental sociologist Dorceta Taylor focuses on the locations of hazardous facilities in low-income and minority communities and shows how they have been dumped on, contaminated and exposed. Drawing on an array of historical and contemporary case studies from across the country, Taylor explores controversies over racially-motivated decisions in zoning laws, eminent domain, government regulation (or lack thereof), and urban renewal. She provides a comprehensive overview of the debate over whether or not there is a link between environmental transgressions and discrimination, drawing a clear picture of the state of the environmental justice field today and where it is going. In doing so, she introduces new concepts and theories for understanding environmental racism that will be essential for environmental justice scholars. A fascinating landmark study, a Toxic Communities agreatly contributes to the study of race, the environment, and space in the contemporary United States."

Community Toxicity Testing
Community Toxicity Testing

Author: John Cairns

Publisher: ASTM International

Published: 1986

Total Pages: 360

ISBN-13: 080310488X

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Although community level toxicity testing is now being used for practical purposes, it is not the intent of this book to espouse the use of community level testing in all situations or to replace single-species tests that are the best source of information on growth, reproductive success, behavior, and a variety of other end points. On the other hand, since field validation of laboratory predictions is becoming increasingly important and since community level testing offers the possibility of validation by using more comparable or identical end points in complex natural systems, which is not possible for single-species tests, it is now worthy of attention by ASTM members.

Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century
Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2007-10-05

Total Pages: 217

ISBN-13: 0309109922

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Advances in molecular biology and toxicology are paving the way for major improvements in the evaluation of the hazards posed by the large number of chemicals found at low levels in the environment. The National Research Council was asked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to review the state of the science and create a far-reaching vision for the future of toxicity testing. The book finds that developing, improving, and validating new laboratory tools based on recent scientific advances could significantly improve our ability to understand the hazards and risks posed by chemicals. This new knowledge would lead to much more informed environmental regulations and dramatically reduce the need for animal testing because the new tests would be based on human cells and cell components. Substantial scientific efforts and resources will be required to leverage these new technologies to realize the vision, but the result will be a more efficient, informative and less costly system for assessing the hazards posed by industrial chemicals and pesticides.

Community Ecotoxicology
Community Ecotoxicology

Author: William H. Clements

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2003-02-14

Total Pages: 354

ISBN-13: 0470855142

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Ecotoxicology is the study of the effects of toxicants on ecological systems. Ecological effects of contaminants may occur at several levels of biological organisation, from individual organisms to the entire biosphere. Communities consist of interacting populations that overlap in time and space. Thus, community ecotoxicology is concerned with effects of contaminants on communities. This is one of a series of five books that will provide a comprehensive treatment of field ecotoxicology, it provides important insights into how contaminants affect the distribution and abundance of organisms in nature. * Both authors are well known highly respected scientists in the field. * The first book to be dedicated to 'community ecotoxicology.'

Organic Pollutants in Water
Organic Pollutants in Water

Author: I. H. Suffet

Publisher:

Published: 1987

Total Pages: 824

ISBN-13:

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Provides answers to important questions concerning the sampling, isolation, and analysis methods used to determine the chemicals of health concern that are in drinking waters, waste waters, and natural waters. Discusses analytical protocols for concentrating organic compounds for toxicity testing, reverse osmosis to isolate organic pollutants from water, and synthetic polymers for concentrating organic chemicals from water. Offers novel methods to isolate and fractionate organic chemicals in water samples, isolation methods to collect large amounts of organic chemicals from water, biological testing of waterborne organic compounds, and the toxicological testing-analysis interface. A valuable reference for researchers involved in environmental toxic contamination analysis and identification, as well as research biologists, pharmaceutical chemists, environmentalists, toxicologists, and pharmacologists.

Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests
Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 1997-05-30

Total Pages: 386

ISBN-13: 0309174783

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During the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. Army conducted atmospheric dispersion tests in many American cities using fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) to develop and verify meteorological models to estimate the dispersal of aerosols. Upon learning of the tests, many citizens and some public health officials in the affected cities raised concerns about the health consequences of the tests. This book assesses the public health effects of the Army's tests, including the toxicity of ZnCdS, the toxicity of surrogate cadmium compounds, the environmental fate of ZnCdS, the extent of public exposures from the dispersion tests, and the risks of such exposures.

Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing
Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing

Author: Chantra Eskes

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-09-26

Total Pages: 418

ISBN-13: 3319338269

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This book provides information on best practices and new thinking regarding the validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing. It covers the validation of experimental and computational methods and integrated approaches to testing and assessment. Validation strategies are discussed for methods employing the latest technologies such as tissue-on-a-chip systems, stem cells and transcriptomics, and for methods derived from pathway-based concepts in toxicology. Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing is divided into two sections, in the first, practical insights are given on the state-of-the-art and on approaches that have resulted in successfully validated and accepted alternative methods. The second section focuses on the evolution of validation principles and practice that are necessary to ensure fit-for-purpose validation that has the greatest impact on international regulatory acceptance of alternative methods. In this context validation needs to keep pace with the considerable scientific advancements being made in toxicology, the availability of sophisticated tools and techniques that can be applied in a variety of ways, and the increasing societal and regulatory demands for better safety assessment. This book will be a useful resource for scientists in the field of toxicology, both from industry and academia, developing new test methods, strategies or techniques, as well as Governmental and regulatory authorities interested in understanding the principles and practicalities of validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing.

Soil Ecotoxicology
Soil Ecotoxicology

Author: Joseph Tarradellas

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 1996-12-23

Total Pages: 406

ISBN-13: 9781566701341

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Soils are receptacles for a wide range of hazardous chemicals generated by human activities. Whether or not this contamination is deliberate, accurate toxicity assessments are important for health and economic reasons. Soil Ecotoxicology discusses the sources, fate, and transport of hazardous chemicals in soils. The fate (biodegradation and modeling) and the potential impacts of pesticides on soil ecosystems are emphasized, and methodologies for performing toxicity assessments are provided.

Ecological Toxicity Testing
Ecological Toxicity Testing

Author: John Cairns, Jr.

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 1994-12-27

Total Pages: 244

ISBN-13: 9780873715997

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Ecological Toxicity Testing provides a critical comparison of toxicity tests at different levels of biological organization from cells to landscapes. While ecological toxicity tests can be designed at any of the many levels of complexity and on spatial scales ranging from square millimeters to square kilometers, the uses to which this information can be put often differs with scale. In the past decade, tests at all levels have been refined and subjected to critical evaluations of their predictive accuracy. This text/reference includes evaluations of toxicity test systems at various scales and complexities by expert practitioners. It also offers broader analyses of the effects of scale on endpoint selection, test design and analyses, and chemical sensitivity.

Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology
Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology

Author: Peter G. Wells

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2018-05-04

Total Pages: 716

ISBN-13: 1351431447

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Bioassays are among the ecotoxicologist's most effective weapons in the evaluation of water quality and the assessment of ecological impacts of effluents, chemicals, discharges, and emissions on the aquatic environment. Information on these assessment aids is needed throughout the international scientific and environmental management community. This comprehensive reference provides an excellent overview of the small-scale aquatic bioassay techniques and applications currently in use around the world. This special volume is the result of several years of collaboration between Environment Canada and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Internationally recognized research scientists at many institutions have contributed to this state-of-the-art examination of the exciting, environmentally important field of microscale testing in aquatic toxicology. Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology contains over forty chapters covering relevant principles, new techniques and recent advancements, and applications in scientific research, environmental management, academia, and the private sector.