Equality, Discrimination and the Law

Equality, Discrimination and the Law

Author: Michael Connolly

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2022-01-06

Total Pages: 195

ISBN-13: 100045360X

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

In identifying a number of ‘fuzzy border’ cases (notably where pensionable age, pregnancy, residence, and marriage, are proxies for unlawful discrimination), Equality, Discrimination and the Law argues that the traditional notions of discrimination and victimisation are inadequate to implement equality policy and cannot represent fully the reality of discriminatory practices. When Mr and Mrs James - each aged 61 - went swimming, Mr James was charged for entry, while Mrs James was admitted free. The reason was that the local authority offered free swimming to those of ‘pensionable age’ (at the time, 65 for men and 60 for women). The House of Lords found that Mr James had suffered direct sex discrimination. This majority plurality decision indicated that sometimes a given set of facts does not neatly accord to traditional definitions of discrimination. This in turn encourages the judiciary to shape the law to fit the facts, which results in an inconsistent body of law full of ‘fuzzy borders’. Starting with the James case, this book investigates a number of ‘fuzzy border’ cases in the EU and UK based on nationality discrimination, notions of indirect discrimination, pregnancy and sex discrimination, marriage and sexual orientation discrimination, perceived discrimination, and victimisation. The argument concludes that fixed notions such as ‘direct and indirect discrimination are mutually exclusive’ do not stand up to scrutiny and that it must be recognised that the traditional concepts of discrimination and victimisation do not reflect the reality of practice. This work is essential reading for students, scholars and practitioners in all EU and English-speaking jurisdictions, particularly post-graduates, Policy/Law-makers, and those on dedicated equality undergraduate courses.


Discrimination, Copyright and Equality

Discrimination, Copyright and Equality

Author: Paul Harpur

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2017-04-03

Total Pages: 363

ISBN-13: 1108210570

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

While equality laws operate to enable access to information, these laws have limited power over the overriding impact of market forces and copyright laws that focus on restricting access to information. Technology now creates opportunities for everyone in the world, regardless of their abilities or disabilities, to be able to access the written word – yet the print disabled are denied reading equality, and have their access to information limited by laws protecting the mainstream use and consumption of information. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the World Intellectual Property Organization's Marrakesh Treaty have swept in a new legal paradigm. This book contributes to disability rights scholarship, and builds on ideas of digital equality and rights to access in its analysis of domestic disability anti-discrimination, civil rights, human rights, constitutional rights, copyright and other equality measures that promote and hinder reading equality.


Basic Equality and Discrimination

Basic Equality and Discrimination

Author: Dr Nicholas Mark Smith

Publisher: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

Published: 2013-02-28

Total Pages: 239

ISBN-13: 1409497607

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The focus of this book is the idea of equality as a moral, political and jurisprudential concept. The author is motivated primarily by a concern to better understand conundrums in the justification, interpretation and application of discrimination law. Nicholas Smith aims to provide a clearer understanding of the nature of the value that the law is trying to uphold - equality. He rejects the notion that the concept of equality is vacuous and defends the idea as the proper range of moral concern. After discussing the general characteristics of the denial of equality and some types of discrimination, Smith considers prominent views on the point of equality law. He argues that human rights lawyers should step back from the business of trying to steer courts towards vague equality goals informed by conceptions of equality that are either empty or even more abstract than the notion of equality itself. If they do, Smith thinks that the meaning of 'equality' will be apparent, though abstract, and our difficulties will be shown to be, in the first instance, moral ones. These moral issues will require more rigorous attention before we can draft discrimination law which gives clear effect to a widely legitimate understanding of what it means to uphold and promote equality. This book will be a valuable resource for students and researchers working in the areas of legal philosophy, political theory, public law, and human rights law.


Discrimination and Disparities

Discrimination and Disparities

Author: Thomas Sowell

Publisher: Basic Books

Published: 2019-03-05

Total Pages: 218

ISBN-13: 1541617835

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

An enlarged edition of Thomas Sowell's brilliant examination of the origins of economic disparities Economic and other outcomes differ vastly among individuals, groups, and nations. Many explanations have been offered for the differences. Some believe that those with less fortunate outcomes are victims of genetics. Others believe that those who are less fortunate are victims of the more fortunate. Discrimination and Disparities gathers a wide array of empirical evidence to challenge the idea that different economic outcomes can be explained by any one factor, be it discrimination, exploitation, or genetics. This revised and enlarged edition also analyzes the human consequences of the prevailing social vision of these disparities and the policies based on that vision--from educational disasters to widespread crime and violence.


Equality and Discrimination

Equality and Discrimination

Author: Brian John Doyle

Publisher: Jordan Publishing (GB)

Published: 2010

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781846612015

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The domestic law concerning discrimination is currently contained in five separate Acts and four sets of principal regulations, reflecting no less than six main EU Directives. The Equality Act 2010 will harmonise the law relating to equality and discrimination, and will replace all existing anti- discrimination law once in force. The Act contains a number of provisions to support progress on equality, by: * introducing a public sector duty regarding socio-economic inequalities * empowering ministers to add caste to the definition of race * prohibiting discrimination arising from disability and outlawing enquiries about disability and health * extending indirect discrimination to disability * introducing combined discrimination based on dual characteristics * dealing with reasonable adjustments to common parts of premises * creating new rights to claim equal pay as a form of direct sex or dual discrimination where there is no identifiable male comparator * rendering it unlawful to prohibit colleagues from talking about terms of employment with a view to checking whether there is prohibited discrimination * allowing political parties to take proportionate action in selection arrangements to address under-representation in elected bodies and requiring them to publish anonymised information on the diversity of candidate selections * extending the public sector equality duty to gender reassignment, age, religion or belief, and sexual orientation * extending the permitted use of positive action to all protected characteristics, and to recruitment and promotion * defining relevant types of work to which an equality clause or rule apply * recognising the reduction of pay inequality as a legitimate part of the material factor defence * enabling claims of direct sex discrimination or dual discrimination in relation to contractual pay in the absence of a comparator doing equal work * ensuring that there is greater transparency and dialogue within workplaces about pay * requiring private and voluntary sector employers of 250+ employees to publish information about gender-based pay differences * ensuring licensing authorities cannot refuse licences to wheelchair accessible vehicles on the grounds of controlling taxi numbers * excepting charities benefiting only people of the same age group or with the same disability * allowing exceptions from age discrimination in the provision of services and the exercise of public functions * reforming the law on family property and civil partnerships * ensuring the future harmonisation of the areas of the Act covered by EU law and those that are domestic in origin * making new provisions affecting information society services Equality and Discrimination - The New Law provides a thorough and practical analysis of the new Act, and places it in the context of the old law and suggests how the new law is likely to work in practice. It will be essential reading for all lawyers and professional advisers dealing with employment and discrimination matters, as well as central and local government departments; schools, colleges and universities and their users; private clubs and other associations; and transport providers. The full text of the Act is reproduced in full.


One Another’s Equals

One Another’s Equals

Author: Jeremy Waldron

Publisher: Harvard University Press

Published: 2017-06-19

Total Pages: 277

ISBN-13: 0674659767

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. "More Than Merely Equal Consideration"? -- 2. Prescriptivity and Redundancy -- 3. Looking for a Range Property -- 4. Power and Scintillation -- 5. A Religious Basis for Equality? -- 6. The Profoundly Disabled as Our Human Equals -- Index


When Is Discrimination Wrong?

When Is Discrimination Wrong?

Author: Deborah Hellman

Publisher: Harvard University Press

Published: 2011-03-11

Total Pages: 217

ISBN-13: 0674060296

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

A law requires black bus passengers to sit in the back of the bus. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves a drug for use by black heart failure patients. A state refuses to license drivers under age 16. A company avoids hiring women between the ages of 20 and 40. We routinely draw distinctions among people on the basis of characteristics that they possess or lack. While some distinctions are benign, many are morally troubling. In this boldly conceived book, Deborah Hellman develops a much-needed general theory of discrimination. She demonstrates that many familiar ideas about when discrimination is wrongÑwhen it is motivated by prejudice, grounded in stereotypes, or simply departs from merit-based decision-makingÑwonÕt adequately explain our widely shared intuitions. Hellman argues that, in the end, distinguishing among people on the basis of traits is wrong when it demeans any of the people affected. She deftly explores the question of how we determine what is in fact demeaning. Claims of wrongful discrimination are among the most common moral claims asserted in public and private life. Yet the roots of these claims are often left unanalyzed. When Is Discrimination Wrong? explores what it means to treat people as equals and thus takes up a central problem of democracy.


Do All Persons Have Equal Moral Worth?

Do All Persons Have Equal Moral Worth?

Author: Uwe Steinhoff

Publisher:

Published: 2015

Total Pages: 239

ISBN-13: 0198719507

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

In present-day political and moral philosophy the idea that all persons are in some way moral equals is an almost universal premise, with its defenders often claiming that philosophical positions that reject the principle of equal respect and concern do not deserve to be taken seriously. This has led to relatively few attempts to clarify, or indeed justify, 'basic equality' and the principle of equal respect and concern. Such clarification and justification, however, would be direly needed. After all, the ideas, for instance, that Adolf Hitler and Nelson Mandela have equal moral worth, or that a rape victim owes equal respect and concern to both her rapist and to her own caring brother, seem to be utterly implausible. Thus, if someone insists on the truth of such ideas, he or she owes his or her audience an explanation. The authors in this volume-which breaks new ground by engaging egalitarians and anti-egalitarians in a genuine dialogue-attempt to shed light into the dark. They try to clarify the concepts of "basic equality", "equal moral worth","equal respect and concern", "dignity," etc; and they try to (partially) justify-or to refute-the resulting clarified doctrines. The volume thus demonstrates that the claim that all persons have equal moral worth, are owed equal concern and respect, or have the same rights is anything but obvious. This finding has not only significant philosophical but also political implications.


Equality and Discrimination Law in Australia: An Introduction

Equality and Discrimination Law in Australia: An Introduction

Author: Beth Gaze

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2016-11-24

Total Pages: 361

ISBN-13: 1107432251

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Equality and Discrimination Law in Australia: An Introduction adopts a groundbreaking approach in its delivery of equality and discrimination law principles. It analyses equality as a goal of the law, and acknowledges that to prevent discrimination modern laws must challenge the beliefs, practices, systems and structures that enable it.


Discrimination Law

Discrimination Law

Author: Michael Connolly

Publisher:

Published: 2011

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9780414046061

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This text provides in-depth and accessible guidance on discrimination law. It covers the UK and EU with comparisons to the US, Canada and Australia, and analyses the different theories and definitions of what is classed as discrimination.