Introductory technical guidance for civil and marine engineers and construction managers interested in design and construction of waterfront piers and wharves. Here is what is discussed: 1. FUNCTION AND APPLICATION 2. CAMELS 3. LOADS 4. GEOMETRY 5. STABILITY 6. LOCATION 7. MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS 8. CAMEL DESIGNS 9. SEPARATORS 10. ACCESS.
Introductory technical guidance for civil and marine engineers and construction managers interested in design and construction of wharves and piers. Here is what is discussed: 1. PLANNING 2. DESIGN LOADS 3. STRUCTURAL DESIGN 4. FENDER SYSTEMS 5. CAMELS, SEPARATORS AND ACCESS 6. MARINE FUELING FACILITIES.
Extremely social, camels will blow on each other’s faces as a friendly greeting. They also groan and roar! While most camels are domesticated and few wild camels survive on Earth today, these mammals thrive in a group, sometimes called a caravan. These groups are made up of a male leader, females, and young. Mothers care for their young and the caravan moves around together. Through this book’s photographs of camels, closely paired with easy-to-understand text, young readers will discover how these friendly animals grow and work together within their caravan.
Magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) is poised to replace traditional computer memory based on complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS). MRAM will surpass all other types of memory devices in terms of nonvolatility, low energy dissipation, fast switching speed, radiation hardness, and durability. Although toggle-MRAM is currently a commercial product, it is clear that future developments in MRAM will be based on spin-transfer torque, which makes use of electrons’ spin angular momentum instead of their charge. MRAM will require an amalgamation of magnetics and microelectronics technologies. However, researchers and developers in magnetics and in microelectronics attend different technical conferences, publish in different journals, use different tools, and have different backgrounds in condensed-matter physics, electrical engineering, and materials science. This book is an introduction to MRAM for microelectronics engineers written by specialists in magnetic materials and devices. It presents the basic phenomena involved in MRAM, the materials and film stacks being used, the basic principles of the various types of MRAM (toggle and spin-transfer torque; magnetized in-plane or perpendicular-to-plane), the back-end magnetic technology, and recent developments toward logic-in-memory architectures. It helps bridge the cultural gap between the microelectronics and magnetics communities.
