Dimensions of Phonological Stress
Dimensions of Phonological Stress

Author: Jeffrey Heinz

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2016-11-17

Total Pages: 345

ISBN-13: 1316785203

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Stress and accent are central, organizing features of grammar, but their precise nature continues to be a source of mystery and wonder. These issues come to the forefront in acquisition, where the tension between the abstract mental representations and the concrete physical manifestations of stress and accent is deeply reflected. Understanding the nature of the representations of stress and accent patterns, and understanding how stress and accent patterns are learned, informs all aspects of linguistic theory and language acquisition. These two themes - representation and acquisition - form the organizational backbone of this book. Each is addressed along different dimensions of stress and accent, including the position of an accent or stress within various prosodic domains and the acoustic dimensions along which the pronunciation of stress and accent may vary. The research presented in the book is multidisciplinary, encompassing theoretical linguistics, speech science, and computational and experimental research.

Theories of Choice
Theories of Choice

Author: Stefan Grundmann

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2021-01-14

Total Pages: 353

ISBN-13: 0192608274

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Choice is a key concept of our time. It is a foundational mechanism for every legal order in societies that are, politically, constituted as democracies and, economically, built on the market mechanism. Thus, choice can be understood as an atomic structure that grounds core societal processes. In recent years, however, the debate over the right way to theorize choice - for example, as a rational or a behavioral type of decision making - has intensified. This collection provides an in-depth discussion of the promises and perils of specific types of theories of choice. It shows how the selection of a specific theory of choice can make a difference for concrete legal questions, in particular in the regulation of the digital economy or in choosing between market, firm, or network. In its first part, the volume provides an accessible overview of the current debates about rational versus behavioral approaches to theories of choice. The remainder of the book structures the vast landscape of theories of choice along with three main types: individual, collective, and organizational decision making. As theories of choice proliferate and become ever more sophisticated, however, the process of choosing an adequate theory of choice becomes increasingly intricate. This volume addresses this selection problem for the various legal arenas in which individual, organizational, and collective decisions matter. By drawing on economic, technological, political, and legal points of view, the volume shows which theories of choice are at the disposal of the legally relevant decision-maker, and how they can be operationalized for the solution of concrete legal problems. The editors acknowledge the kind support of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation for an exploratory conference on the subject of the book.

The Construction of Preference
The Construction of Preference

Author: Sarah Lichtenstein

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2006-08-28

Total Pages: 709

ISBN-13: 1139457780

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One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.

Referring expression generation in context
Referring expression generation in context

Author: Fahime Same

Publisher: Language Science Press

Published: 2024-06-03

Total Pages: 276

ISBN-13: 3961104719

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Reference production, often termed Referring Expression Generation (REG) in computational linguistics, encompasses two distinct tasks: (1) one-shot REG, and (2) REG-in-context. One-shot REG explores which properties of a referent offer a unique description of it. In contrast, REG-in-context asks which (anaphoric) referring expressions are optimal at various points in discourse. This book offers a series of in-depth studies of the REG-in-context task. It thoroughly explores various aspects of the task such as corpus selection, computational methods, feature analysis, and evaluation techniques. The comparative study of different corpora highlights the pivotal role of corpus choice in REG-in-context research, emphasizing its influence on all subsequent model development steps. An experimental analysis of various feature-based machine learning models reveals that those with a concise set of linguistically-informed features can rival models with more features. Furthermore, this work highlights the importance of paragraph-related concepts, an area underexplored in Natural Language Generation (NLG). The book offers a thorough evaluation of different approaches to the REG-in-context task (rule-based, feature-based, and neural end-to-end), and demonstrates that well-crafted, non-neural models are capable of matching or surpassing the performance of neural REG-in-context models. In addition, the book delves into post-hoc experiments, aimed at improving the explainability of both neural and classical REG-in-context models. It also addresses other critical topics, such as the limitations of accuracy-based evaluation metrics and the essential role of human evaluation in NLG research. These studies collectively advance our understanding of REG-in-context. They highlight the importance of selecting appropriate corpora and targeted features. They show the need for context-aware modeling and the value of a comprehensive approach to model evaluation and interpretation. This detailed analysis of REG-in-context paves the way for developing more sophisticated, linguistically-informed, and contextually appropriate NLG systems.

Preference, Belief, and Similarity
Preference, Belief, and Similarity

Author: Amos Tversky

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2003-11-21

Total Pages: 1046

ISBN-13: 9780262700931

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Amos Tversky (1937–1996), a towering figure in cognitive and mathematical psychology, devoted his professional life to the study of similarity, judgment, and decision making. He had a unique ability to master the technicalities of normative ideals and then to intuit and demonstrate experimentally their systematic violation due to the vagaries and consequences of human information processing. He created new areas of study and helped transform disciplines as varied as economics, law, medicine, political science, philosophy, and statistics. This book collects forty of Tversky's articles, selected by him in collaboration with the editor during the last months of Tversky's life. It is divided into three sections: Similarity, Judgment, and Preferences. The Preferences section is subdivided into Probabilistic Models of Choice, Choice under Risk and Uncertainty, and Contingent Preferences. Included are several articles written with his frequent collaborator, Nobel Prize-winning economist Daniel Kahneman.

ACT Total Prep 2024: Includes 2,000+ Practice Questions + 6 Practice Tests
ACT Total Prep 2024: Includes 2,000+ Practice Questions + 6 Practice Tests

Author: Kaplan Test Prep

Publisher: Simon and Schuster

Published: 2023-07-18

Total Pages: 1105

ISBN-13: 1506287166

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Kaplan is an Official Teaching Partner of the ACT. ACT Total Prep 2024, Kaplan’s biggest ACT prep book, has the most content review, efficient strategies, and realistic practice to help you score higher. We have everything you need in one big book, plus a full year of access to online resources—including more practice tests, a bigger Qbank than ever (500 questions), and video lessons—to help you master each section of the ACT. We're so certain that ACT Total Prep offers all the guidance you need to excel on the ACT that we guarantee it: after studying with our online resources and book, you'll score higher on the ACT—or you'll get your money back. Essential Review 6 full-length Kaplan practice tests with detailed answer explanations (2 printed in the book and 4 tests online) More than 2,000 practice questions with detailed explanations, including a 500-item online Qbank 4 Test Yourself sections — test-like practice on mixed topics to ensure you learn the material, unit by unit One-year access to our online center with additional quizzes and videos to help guide your study Pre-quizzes to help you figure out what you already know and what you can skip Mixed practice quizzes after every chapter to assess how much you’ve learned A practice question at the beginning of each lesson to help you quickly identify its focus and dedicated practice questions after every lesson to test your comprehension Efficient Strategy “On Test Day” strategy notes in every math chapter to help you remember that the ACT math test is primarily a strategy test “Reflect” pages that help you evaluate your comfort level with the topics and make a plan for improving before the test after completing each chapter Online study-planning tool helps you target your prep no matter how much time you have before the test. Expert Guidance We know the test: Our learning engineers have put tens of thousands of hours into studying the ACT, and we use real data to design the most effective strategies and study plans. Kaplan's books and practice questions are written by veteran teachers who know students—every explanation is written to help you learn. We invented test prep—Kaplan (kaptest.com) has been helping students for over 80 years. Trying to figure out your college plan? Kaplan's KapAdvisor™ is a free college admissions planning tool that combines Kaplan's expertise with the power of AI.

Choosing an Identity
Choosing an Identity

Author: Sun-Ki Chai

Publisher: University of Michigan Press

Published: 2010-05-06

Total Pages: 321

ISBN-13: 0472023950

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Social science research is fragmented by the widely differing and seemingly contradictory approaches used by the different disciplines of the social sciences to explain human action. Attempts at integrating different social science approaches to explain action have often been frustrated by the difficulty of incorporating cultural assumptions into rational choice theories without robbing them of their generality or making them too vague for predictions. Another problem has been the major disagreements among cultural theorists regarding the ways in which culture affects preferences and beliefs. This book provides a general model of preference and belief formation, addressing the largest unresolved issue in rational choice theories of action. It attempts to play a bridging role between these approaches by augmenting and modifying the main ideas of the "rational choice" model to make it more compatible with empirical findings in other fields. The resulting model is used to analyze three major unresolved issues in the developing world: the sources of a government's economic ideology, the origins of ethnic group boundaries, and the relationship between modernization and violence. Addressing theoretical problems that cut across numerous disciplines, this work will be of interest to a diversity of theoretically-minded scholars. Sun-Ki Chai is Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Arizona.

Gravity Models of Spatial Interaction Behavior
Gravity Models of Spatial Interaction Behavior

Author: Ashish Sen

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 586

ISBN-13: 3642798802

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Gravity models describe, and hence help predict, spatial flows of commuters, air-travelers, migrants, commodities and even messages. They are one of the oldest and most widely used of all social science models. This book presents an up-to-date, consistent and unified approach to the theory, methods and application of the gravity model - which spans from the axiomatic foundations of such models all the way to practical hints for their use. "I have found no better general method for use in applied research dealing with spatial interaction... It is against this background that the present book by Sen and Smith is most welcomed." Walter Isard

ACT Total Prep 2025: Includes 2,000+ Practice Questions + 6 Practice Tests
ACT Total Prep 2025: Includes 2,000+ Practice Questions + 6 Practice Tests

Author: Kaplan Test Prep

Publisher: Simon and Schuster

Published: 2024-06-04

Total Pages: 1001

ISBN-13: 1506290426

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Kaplan is an Official Teaching Partner of the ACT. ACT Total Prep 2025, Kaplan’s biggest ACT prep book, has the most content review, efficient strategies, and realistic practice to help you score higher. We have everything you need in one big book, plus a full year of access to online resources—including more practice tests, a bigger Qbank than ever (500 questions), and video lessons—to help you master each section of the ACT. We're so certain that ACT Total Prep offers all the guidance you need to excel on the ACT that we guarantee it: after studying with our online resources and book, you'll score higher on the ACT—or you'll get your money back. Essential Review 6 full-length Kaplan practice tests with detailed answer explanations (2 printed in the book and 4 tests online) More than 2,000 practice questions with detailed explanations, including a 500-item online Qbank 4 Test Yourself sections — test-like practice on mixed topics to ensure you learn the material, unit by unit One-year access to our online center with additional quizzes and videos to help guide your study Pre-quizzes to help you figure out what you already know and what you can skip Mixed practice quizzes after every chapter to assess how much you’ve learned A practice question at the beginning of each lesson to help you quickly identify its focus and dedicated practice questions after every lesson to test your comprehension Efficient Strategy “On Test Day” strategy notes in every math chapter to help you remember that the ACT math test is primarily a strategy test “Reflect” pages that help you evaluate your comfort level with the topics and make a plan for improving before the test after completing each chapter Online study-planning tool helps you target your prep no matter how much time you have before the test. Expert Guidance We know the test: Our learning engineers have put tens of thousands of hours into studying the ACT, and we use real data to design the most effective strategies and study plans. Kaplan's books and practice questions are written by veteran teachers who know students—every explanation is written to help you learn. We invented test prep—Kaplan (kaptest.com) has been helping students for over 80 years.

Criminology For Dummies
Criminology For Dummies

Author: Steven Briggs

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2011-02-04

Total Pages: 385

ISBN-13: 1118052668

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Your thorough guide to comprehending and combating crime Are you fascinated by criminology, forensics, and detective work? This you-are-there guide takes you deep into the world of crime, giving you a better understanding of the dark recesses of the criminal mind and how law enforcement officials investigate crime. You'll gain real-world knowledge of the reasons for and consequences of crime, the way society responds to it, and, most important, how crime can be prevented. Enter the world of crime understand what crime is, how it is measured, and the various ways crime affects victims and society Identify different types of crime from white-collar crime to organized crime to terrorism, examine the nature of crime and why certain criminals are attracted to specific crimes Know who commits crimes, and why explore different theories that attempt to explain why people commit crimes Take it to the streets follow law enforcement officials and federal agencies as they chase and apprehend the bad guys Seek justice meet the key players in the criminal justice system and see why and how the guilty are punished Deal with juveniles know the differences between adult and juvenile systems, realize why youths are treated differently, and review modern methods for treatment Open the book and find: Common criminal traits The causes of violent crimes Recent efforts to secure victims' rights The processes used to solve crimes A step-by-step walkthrough of the criminal justice process Ways to recognize and fight back against crime Jobs in the criminal justice field Ten notorious, unsolved crimes