In Robert M. Vogel's 'Tunnel Engineering: A Museum Treatment,' readers are taken on a scholarly journey through the history, design, and construction of tunnels. Vogel's clear and detailed explanations make this book essential for both students and professionals in the field of civil engineering. The book not only covers the technical aspects of tunnel engineering but also delves into the cultural and historical significance of tunnels, making it a comprehensive read. Vogel's writing style is academic yet accessible, providing in-depth information without overwhelming the reader. The book is a valuable resource for those interested in the practical applications of tunnel engineering and its evolution through time. Vogel's meticulous research and expertise shine through in every chapter, making this book a must-read for anyone involved in the engineering industry. 'Tunnel Engineering: A Museum Treatment' is a well-rounded exploration of tunnels that will educate and inspire readers to delve deeper into the fascinating world of civil engineering.
This report describes the equipment, methods, and costs that are considered applicable for underground emplacement construction of nuclear explosives such as would be used in nuclear excavation. The test of the report discusses the available methods and techniques currently being used in 'big hole' (30-inch diameter and larger) drilling, tunneling, and conventional shafting. The technical data have been collected from the available literature as well as by personal contacts with the Government agencies and private industries concerned. (Author).
The Wheels That Drove New York tells the fascinating story of how a public transportation system helped transform a small trading community on the southern tip of Manhattan island to a world financial capital that is home to more than 8,000,000 people. From the earliest days of horse-drawn conveyances to the wonders of one of the world's largest and most efficient subways, the story links the developing history of the City itself to the growth and development of its public transit system. Along the way, the key role of played by the inventors, builders, financiers, and managers of the system are highlighted. New York began as a fur trading outpost run by the Dutch West India Company, established after the discovery and exploration of New York Harbor and its great river by Henry Hudson. It was eventually taken over by the British, and the magnificent harbor provided for a growing center of trade. Trade spurred industry, initially those needed to support the shipping industry, later spreading to various products for export. When DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canal, which linked New York Harbor to the Great Lakes, New York became the center of trade for all products moving into and out of the mid-west. As industry grew, New York became a magnate for immigrants seeking refuge in a new land of opportunity. The City's population continued to expand. Both water and land barriers, however, forced virtually the entire population to live south of what is now 14th Street. Densities grew dangerously, and brought both disease and conflict to the poorer quarters of the Five Towns. To expand, the City needed to conquer land and water barriers, primarily with a public transportation system. By the time of the Civil War, the City was at a breaking point. The horse-drawn public conveyances that had provided all of the public transportation services since the 1820's needed to be replaced with something more effective and efficient. First came the elevated railroads, initially powered by steam engines. With the invention of electricity and the electric traction motor, the elevated's were electrified, and a trolley system emerged. Finally, in 1904, the City opened its first subway. From there, the City's growth to northern Manhattan and to the "outer boroughs" of Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx exploded. The Wheels That Drove New York takes us through the present day, and discusses the many challenges that the transit system has had to face over the years. It also traces the conversion of the system from fully private operations (through the elevated railways) to the fully public system that exists today, and the problems that this transformation has created along the way.
This book tells about a frontier region in economic transition. Its focus is the successful adoption of new technology to the particular economic and engineering circumstances associated with the newness or frontier nature of Ontario mining to 1890.
Lavishly illustrated and a joy to read, this authoritative reference work on the North American continent's railroads covers the U.S., Canadian, Mexican, Central American, and Cuban systems. The encyclopedia's over-arching theme is the evolution of the railroad industry and the historical impact of its progress on the North American continent. This thoroughly researched work examines the various aspects of the industry's development: technology, operations, cultural impact, the evolution of public policy regarding the industry, and the structural functioning of modern railroads. More than 500 alphabetical entries cover a myriad of subjects, including numerous entries profiling the principal companies, suppliers, manufacturers, and individuals influencing the history of the rails. Extensive appendices provide data regarding weight, fuel, statistical trends, and more, as well as a list of 130 vital railroad books. Railfans will treasure this indispensable work.
Geology coalesced as a discipline in the early part of the nineteenth century, with the coming together of many strands of investigation and thought. The theme of experimentation and/or instrument-aided observation is absent from most recent accounts of that time, which rely on an admixture of theory and field observations, informed by close examination of minerals. James Hutton emerged as the person who had it right with suggestion of a central heat source for Earth, while Abraham Gottlob Werner and his Neptunist supporters were derided as being blinded by overarching belief, as opposed to sober application of observed facts. However, despite several claims that Hutton had won the day, primary literature from both England and the Continent reveals that the question was by no means settled for decades after Hutton derided information derived from "looking into a little crucible." This Special Paper makes the case that it was just those parameters of heat, pressure, solution, and composition discovered in the laboratory that prevented resolution of the overriding questions about rock origin.
