The Tropospheric Chemistry of Ozone in the Polar Regions
The Tropospheric Chemistry of Ozone in the Polar Regions

Author: H. Niki

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-06-29

Total Pages: 431

ISBN-13: 3642782116

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The Arctic troposphere (0 to ca. 8 km) plays an important role in environmental concerns for global change. It is a unique chemical reactor influenced by human activity and the Arctic ocean. It is surrounded by industrialized continents that in winter contribute gaseous and particulate pollution (Arctic haze). It is underlain by the flat Arctic ocean from which it is separated by a crack-ridden ice membrane 3 to 4 m thick. Ocean to atmosphere exchange of heat, water vapor and marine biogenic gases influence the composition of the reactor. From September 21 to December 21 to March 21, the region north of the Arctic circle goes from a completely sunlit situation to a completely dark one and then back to light. At the same time the lower troposphere is stably stratified. This hinders vertical mixing. During this light period, surface temperature reaches as low as -40°C. In this environment, chemical reactions involving sunlight are generally much slower than further south. Thus, the abundance of photochemically reactive compounds in the atmosphere can be high prior to polar sunrise. Between complete dark in February and complete light in April, a number of chemical changes in the lower troposphere take place.

Chemistry In The Cryosphere (In 2 Parts)
Chemistry In The Cryosphere (In 2 Parts)

Author: Paul Shepson

Publisher: World Scientific

Published: 2021-10-12

Total Pages: 922

ISBN-13: 9811230145

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Ice and snow on Earth modulate and modify the climate, chemistry and fate of air and water pollutants. Climate change is drastically impacting Nature and extent of the cryosphere, with attendant feedbacks on atmospheric composition and climate. These changes are happening at a rate that outpaces the development of fundamental knowledge of processes that occur within/on the surfaces of ice and snow, confounding our ability to develop a predictive capability for future states of the Earth environment.This set, comprising 17 chapters, written by world experts on these topics, are thus intended to document the current state of understanding of the structure, physical properties, abundance, and chemical and microbiological processes that occur within/on ice and snow in all Earth environments in which it exists, and to express needs for improvement of that understanding. This, only comprehensive treatise/collection that covers environmentally relevant chemistry and related physical aspects of snow and ice in the Earth system, and the connections to climate change, will be accessible to those with introductory college-level understanding of chemistry and physics.

Tropospheric Ozone
Tropospheric Ozone

Author: Ivar S.A. Isaksen

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 433

ISBN-13: 9400929137

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The main objective of the workshop was to increase our knowledge of ozone formation and distribution in the troposphere, its relation to precursor (NO~ and HC species) distribution, how it is affected by transport processes in the troposphere, and to show how the increasing levels of ozone can cause environmental problem. The focus was on the interaction of ozone on regional and global scales. There is mounting evidence that such interactions occur and that the ozone levels are increasing in most of the Northern Hemisphere tropo sphere. A likely source of ozone increase is human activity. As result of this, tropospheric climate may change significantly within a few decades, either through direct effects by ozone itself or indirectly through its effect on other radiatively active trace species. Further more, ozone may have adverse effects on vegetation over large continental areas due to enhanced levels which have been measured to take place. As it is well known that ozone plays a key role in the oxidation of a large number of chemical species in the troposphere, natural as well as man-made, the atmospheric distribution of important trace species like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons could be markedly changed as a result of ozone changes. The rapidly increasing interest in tropospheric ozone, and the key role ozone plays in several atmospheric areas as well the obvious increase in the tropospheric concentration of ozone made ozone a natural choice as a topic for the workshop.

Chemical Exchange Between the Atmosphere and Polar Snow
Chemical Exchange Between the Atmosphere and Polar Snow

Author: Eric W. Wolff

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-06-29

Total Pages: 667

ISBN-13: 3642611710

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Polar ice cores have provided tremendous advances in our knowledge of past climate change. They also contain an archive of geochemical data, which can certainly delineate some of the forcing factors that govern climate change. However, our ability to interpret these data is severely curtailed by lack of knowledge of the processes governing the transfer of chemical species from the air to the snow. This book outlines the potential and problems of ice core chemistry and discusses the processes involved in air-snow transfer. It gives the state of current knowledge and an agenda for future research.

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Climate Change
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Climate Change

Author: Rolf Müller (physicien.)

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 347

ISBN-13: 1849730024

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In recent years, several new concepts have emerged in the field of stratospheric ozone depletion, creating a need for a concise in-depth publication covering the ozone-climate issue. This monograph fills that void in the literature and gives detailed treatment of recent advances in the field of stratospheric ozone depletion. It puts particular emphasis on the coupling between changes in the ozone layer and atmospheric change caused by a changing climate. The book, written by leading experts in the field, brings the reader the most recent research in this area and fills the gap between advanced textbooks and assessments.

Ozone in the Atmosphere
Ozone in the Atmosphere

Author: Peter Fabian

Publisher: Springer Science & Business

Published: 2014-04-29

Total Pages: 144

ISBN-13: 3642540996

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Peter Fabian and Martin Dameris provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of established scientific knowledge about ozone in the atmosphere. They present both ozone changes and trends in the stratosphere, as well as the effects of overabundance in the troposphere including the phenomenon of photosmog. Aspects such as photochemistry, atmospheric dynamics and global ozone distribution as well as various techniques for ozone measurement are treated. The authors outline the various causes for ozone depletion, the effects of ozone pollution and the relation to climate change. The book provides a handy reference guide for researchers active in atmospheric ozone research and a useful introduction for advanced students specializing in this field. Non-specialists interested in this field will also profit from reading the book. Peter Fabian can look back on a life-long active career in ozone research, having first gained international recognition for his measurements of the global distribution of halogenated hydrocarbons. He also pioneered photosmog investigations in the metropolitan areas of Munich, Berlin, Athens and Santiago de Chile, and his KROFEX facility provided controlled ozone fumigation of adult tree canopies for biologists to investigate the effects of ozone increases on forests. Besides having published a broad range of scientific articles, he has also been the author or editor of numerous books. From 2002 to 2005 he served the European Geosciences Union (EGU) as their first and Founding President. Martin Dameris is a prominent atmospheric modeler whose interests include the impacts of all kinds of natural and man-made disturbances on the atmospheric system. His scientific work focuses on the connections between ozone and climate changes. For many years he has been an active contributor to the WMO scientific ozone depletion assessments, which have been used to monitor the depletion and recovery of the ozone layer in accordance with the Montreal Protocol.

Chemistry, Dynamics, and Radiation of Ozone Loss
Chemistry, Dynamics, and Radiation of Ozone Loss

Author: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform

Published: 2018-05-29

Total Pages: 54

ISBN-13: 9781720445180

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This research addresses, through a combination of in situ and remote aircraft-borne Which mechanisms are responsible for the continuing erosion of ozone over midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere? Will the rapid loss of ozone over the Arctic in late winter continue to worsen over the next two decades? Are these large losses dynamically coupled to midlatitudes? Which mechanisms dictate the rate of exchange of material between the troposphere and stratosphere? How will these processes change in response to changes in climate? Will regional scale pollution episodes, that are emerging as predictable seasonal events, significantly affect the middle-to-upper troposphere chemical composition. If so, how will these changes alter the chemical composition of the middle world? What changes are predicted for the overworld? Why has the arctic stratosphere become colder in the late winter phase in recent years? Have increases in tropical upper troposphere temperatures increased the temperature gradient such as to change the trajectories of vertically propagating waves, thus reducing the effectiveness of the meridional circulation for transport of heat, momentum and ozone from the tropics to high latitudes?Anderson, James G.Langley Research CenterOZONE; STRATOSPHERE; TROPOSPHERE; ARCTIC REGIONS; TROPICAL REGIONS; POLAR REGIONS; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; IO; CLIMATE; HEAT TRANSFER; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS; TRAJECTORIES