Civil War in Europe, 1905–1949
Civil War in Europe, 1905–1949

Author: Stanley G. Payne

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2011-09-19

Total Pages: 255

ISBN-13: 1139499645

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This is the first account in any language of the civil wars in Europe during the era of the world wars, from 1905 to 1949. It treats the initial confrontations in the decade before World War I, the confusing concept of 'European civil war,' the impact of the world wars, the relation between revolution and civil war and all the individual cases of civil war, with special attention to Russia and Spain. The civil wars of this era are compared and contrasted with earlier internal conflicts, with particular attention to the factors that made this era a time of unusually violent domestic contests, as well as those that brought it to an end. The major political, ideological and social influences are all treated, with a special focus on violence against civilians.

An Eternal Struggle
An Eternal Struggle

Author: Michael J. Ard

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA

Published: 2003-10-30

Total Pages: 248

ISBN-13: 031305732X

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Ard examines Mexico's long transition to democracy and the vital role played by the National Action Party, an opposition system party inspired by Catholic social doctrine and dedicated to democratic values. Ard examines the problem of democratic transitions by focusing on Mexico's National Action Party (PAN), a democratic opposition party based on Catholic social doctrine. The 2000 defeat of Mexico's long-time ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party was more than the displacement of one ruling clique by another. More profoundly, Fox's stunning victory closed the book on a persistent political-religious conflict—a great party conflict—that had dogged Mexico since its break with the Spanish Empire. The 2000 election represented the end of a long conversion process, a reconciliation between Mexico's Catholic and Revolutionary political traditions, and the forging of a new national political consensus. Ard examines Mexico's long transition to democracy in which the PAN, an opposition system party inspired by Catholic social doctrine and dedicated to democratic values, played a vital role. The book begins with a theoretical framework to understanding the Mexican transition, with an emphasis placed on the importance of conciliation, political liberties, and the democratic opposition party. Ard then addresses the fundamental church-state cleavage and how it shaped Mexico's great parties. He then looks at the founding of the National Action Party, a reforming system party that broke the great party mold. The bulk of his analysis centers on the details of the political transition and the challenges ahead for Mexican democracy. This book is of particular importance to scholars, students, and researchers involved with Mexican politics and history, and Latin American Studies in general.

Myths of Demilitarization in Postrevolutionary Mexico, 1920-1960
Myths of Demilitarization in Postrevolutionary Mexico, 1920-1960

Author: Thomas Rath

Publisher: UNC Press Books

Published: 2013-04-22

Total Pages: 257

ISBN-13: 1469608359

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At the end of the Mexican Revolution in 1920, Mexico's large, rebellious army dominated national politics. By the 1940s, Mexico's Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was led by a civilian president and claimed to have depoliticized the army and achieved the bloodless pacification of the Mexican countryside through land reform, schooling, and indigenismo. However, historian Thomas Rath argues, Mexico's celebrated demilitarization was more protracted, conflict-ridden, and incomplete than most accounts assume. Civilian governments deployed troops as a police force, often aimed at political suppression, while officers meddled in provincial politics, engaged in corruption, and crafted official history, all against a backdrop of sustained popular protest and debate. Using newly available materials from military, intelligence, and diplomatic archives, Rath weaves together an analysis of national and regional politics, military education, conscription, veteran policy, and popular protest. In doing so, he challenges dominant interpretations of successful, top-down demilitarization and questions the image of the post-1940 PRI regime as strong, stable, and legitimate. Rath also shows how the army's suppression of students and guerrillas in the 1960s and 1970s and the more recent militarization of policing have long roots in Mexican history.

The Mexican Right
The Mexican Right

Author: John W. Sherman

Publisher: Praeger

Published: 1997-02-25

Total Pages: 184

ISBN-13:

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What are the historical roots of the Mexican right, which has seemingly come from nowhere to play a critical role in contemporary Mexico? This lucid study of the right in the pivotal decade of the 1930s provides the answer. Traditionally, historians have viewed the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) as the apogee of a successful Institutionalized Revolution. In truth, at odds with a conservative political culture, cardenismo failed. Its demise assured the rule of a corrupt, oligarchical regime that employs revolutionary rhetoric even while vigorously suppressing popular aspirations, and placed Mexico on its sad course into the present. The presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) has long been viewed as the successful apogee of Mexico's Institutionalized Revolution. Scholars have traditionally portrayed Cárdenas as a widely popular reformer: the idealist who gave peasants land and the nationalist who seized American oil company properties. Others hold him responsible for establishing Mexico's modern authoritarian state. Now these interpretations are challenged in this evocative book, which examines the vital role of the Mexican right on the eve of cardenismo and during its tenure. Even while the institutional right withered in the face of Mexico's Revolutionary leviathan, a new right emerged and undermined cardenismo in Mexico's fundamentally conservative political culture. Employing the media, literature, and spontaneous grassroots politics, the right appealed to values rooted in faith, family, and fatherland, and convinced a majority of Mexicans that Fat Lips Cárdenas vision for their country was radical and dangerous. The 1940 presidential election debacle followed, when the President imposed his moderate successor on a reluctant electorate. Despite this, the Cardenista agenda for Mexico could not endure. Cardenismo, rather than a defining point in 20th-century Mexican history, became only a noteworthy exception to a continuity of conservatism.

Crossing Swords
Crossing Swords

Author: Roderic Ai Camp

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 1997-01-09

Total Pages: 352

ISBN-13: 0195355350

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Based on a decade of field research, this work is the first book-length, scholarly examination in English of the role of Catholicism in Mexican society since the 1970s through 1995, and the increasing political activism of the Catholic church and clergy. It is also the first analysis of church-state relations in Latin America that incorporates detailed interviews of numerous bishops and clergy and leading politicians about how they see each other and how religion influences their values. It is also the first analysis of the Mexican Catholic Church which uses national survey research to examine Mexican attitudes toward religion, Christianity, and Catholicism, and provides the first inside look at the decision-making process of bishops at the diocesan level.

The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940
The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940

Author: Richard Graham

Publisher: University of Texas Press

Published: 2010-07-05

Total Pages: 148

ISBN-13: 0292788886

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From the mid-nineteenth century until the 1930s, many Latin American leaders faced a difficult dilemma regarding the idea of race. On the one hand, they aspired to an ever-closer connection to Europe and North America, where, during much of this period, "scientific" thought condemned nonwhite races to an inferior category. Yet, with the heterogeneous racial makeup of their societies clearly before them and a growing sense of national identity impelling consideration of national futures, Latin American leaders hesitated. What to do? Whom to believe? Latin American political and intellectual leaders' sometimes anguished responses to these dilemmas form the subject of The Idea of Race in Latin America. Thomas Skidmore, Aline Helg, and Alan Knight have each contributed chapters that succinctly explore various aspects of the story in Brazil, Argentina, Cuba, and Mexico. While keenly alert to the social and economic differences that distinguish one Latin American society from another, each author has also addressed common issues that Richard Graham ably draws together in a brief introduction. Written in a style that will make it accessible to the undergraduate, this book will appeal as well to the sophisticated scholar.

Receive Our Memories
Receive Our Memories

Author: José Orozco

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 289

ISBN-13: 0199340420

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Receive our Memories is a rare study of an epistolary relationship for individuals whose migration from Mexico has been looked at en masse, but not from such a personal and human angle. The heart of the book consists of eighty translated and edited versions of letters from Luz Moreno, a poor, uneducated Mexican sharecropper, to his daughter, a recent migr to California, in the 1950s. These are contextualized and framed in light of immigration and labor history, the histories of Mexico and the United States in this period, and family history. Although Moreno's letters include many of the affective concerns and quotidian subject matter that are the heart and soul of most immigrant correspondence, they also reveal his deep attachment to a wider world that he has never seen. They include extensive discussions on the political events of his day (the Cold War, the Korean War, the atomic bomb, the conflict between Truman and MacArthur), ruminations on culture and religion (the role of Catholicism in the modern world, the dangers of Protestantism to Mexican immigrants to the United States), and extensive deliberations on the philosophical questions that would naturally preoccupy the mind of an elderly and sick man: Is life worth living? What is death? Will I be rewarded or punished in death? What does it mean to live a moral life? The thoughtfulness of Moreno's meditations and quantity of letters he penned, provide historians with the rare privilege of reading a part of the Mexican national narrative that, as Mexican author Elena Poniatowska notes, is usually "written daily, and daily erased."

As If Jesus Walked on Earth
As If Jesus Walked on Earth

Author: Adrian A. Bantjes

Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield

Published: 1998

Total Pages: 352

ISBN-13: 9780842027519

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Yet many Latin Americanists believe that the popularity of this controversial figure has clouded understanding of Mexico's history. This sweeping and detailed study debunks many of the established interpretations of Cardenismo and sheds new light on the historical process that created Mexico's postrevolutionary political culture.

Mexico Since Independence
Mexico Since Independence

Author: Leslie Bethell

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 1991-09-27

Total Pages: 468

ISBN-13: 9780521423724

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Six chapters from Volumes III, V and VII of the Cambridge History of Latin America provide in a single volume an economic, social and political history of Mexico since independence from Spain in 1821.