The Principles of Turkish Administration and Their Impact on the Lives of Non-Muslim Peoples
Author: Mehmet Saray
Publisher:
Published: 2003
Total Pages: 116
ISBN-13:
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Nationalism and Non-Muslim Minorities in Turkey, 1915 - 1950
Author: Ayhan Aktar
Publisher: Transnational Press London
Published: 2021-04-22
Total Pages: 246
ISBN-13: 9781801350426
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAyhan Aktar has been working on anti-minority policies in modern Turkey since 1991. In the Ottoman Empire's final decade (in 1906), non-Muslims constituted 20% of the population; by 1927, they were reduced to 2.5% and, nowadays, they make up less than 0.02% of the population of Modern Turkey. Armenians were subjected to deportations (1915), Greeks were 'exchanged' (1922-1924) and Jews were forced to migrate abroad (after 1945). Like many other nation states in the Near East, Turkey has been able to homogenize its population on religious grounds. This books is a collection of Aktar's articles about this transformation.Aktar says that the reason behind his broad approach is also related to nationalist historiographies: "For instance, a scholar conducting research on the Jewish community during the republican period could easily come to the conclusion that only Jews were discriminated against by the Turkish state. However, this is only partially true! All non-Muslim minorities were discriminated against and their stories cannot be understood unless the Turkish state and its policies are placed at center stage. Utilizing diplomatic correspondence in the British and US National Archives has enabled me to understand anti-minority policies as a whole and to treat the subject within a totality."This book will interest scholars and students of nationalism, minority studies and Turkish history and politics. CONTENTSAcknowledgementsChapter 1. Debating the Armenian Massacres in the Last Ottoman Parliament, November - December 1918Chapter 2. Organizing The Deportations and Massacres: Ottoman Bureaucracy and the Cup, 1915 - 1918Chapter 3. Homogenizing the Nation, Turkifying the Economy: The Turkish Experience of Population Exchange ReconsideredChapter 4. Conversion of a 'Country' into a 'Fatherland': The Case of Turkification Examined, 1923-1934Chapter 5. "Turkification" Policies in the Early Republican EraChapter 6. "Tax Me to the End of My Life!" Anatomy of Anti-Minority Tax Legislation, (1942 - 3) Chapter 7. Turkish Attitudes vis à vis The Zionist Project by Ayhan Aktar and Soli ÖzelChapter 8. Economic Nationalism in Turkey: The Formative Years, 1912 - 1925
Religious Minorities in Turkey
Author: Mehmet Bardakci
Publisher: Springer
Published: 2017-01-24
Total Pages: 284
ISBN-13: 1137270268
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book considers the key issue of Turkey’s treatment of minorities in relation to its complex paths of both European integration and domestic and international reorientation. The expectations of Turkey’s EU and other international counterparts, as well as important domestic demands, have pushed Turkey to broaden the rights of religious and other minorities. More recently a turn towards autocratic government is rolling back some earlier achievements. This book shows how these broader processes affect the lives of three important religious groups in Turkey: the Alevi as a large Muslim community and the Christian communities of Armenians and Syriacs. Drawing on a wealth of original data and extensive fieldwork, the authors compare and explain improvements, set-backs, and lingering concerns for Turkey’s religious minorities and identify important challenges for Turkey’s future democratic development and European path. The book will appeal to students and scholars in the fields of minority politics, contemporary Turkish politics, and religion and politics.
Armenians in the Ottoman Society
Author:
Publisher:
Published: 2008
Total Pages: 520
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe Dowry of the State?
Author: Ellinor Morack
Publisher: University of Bamberg Press
Published: 2017-03-14
Total Pages: 387
ISBN-13: 3863094638
DOWNLOAD EBOOKWhen the Greeks and surviving Armenians of present-day Turkey were forced to leave their homeland in 1922, the movable and immovable property they had to leave behind became known as "abandoned property"(emval-i metruke). In theory, this legal term implied that the absent owners continued to enjoy their property rights and were represented by the state. In practice, however, their houses, fields and belongings were stolen. They were used for the immediate housing needs of the remaining population, distributed among the rich and powerful and sold in public auctions. Initially, only a small part of abandoned property was under control of the new Ankara government, which was eager to use it as a source of revenue for the empty state coffers. Before it could do so, however, the government had to deal with various forms of active and passive resistance: homeless people and refugees squatted "abandoned" homes and fields, and members of parliament initially refused to pass laws that would have legalized government administration of "abandoned" property. From 1924 onwards, the property compensation for among incoming migrants from Greece (the so-called exchangees) threatened the financial interests of the state and pitted the newcomers against the existing population. By focusing on all these aspects of the "abandoned property" question and the multiple forms of resistance against its administration by the state, this book offers unique insights into the social and political history of early republican Turkey.
Hybridity: Law, Culture and Development
Author: Nicolas Lemay-Hebert
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Published: 2017-02-17
Total Pages: 345
ISBN-13: 1317202902
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book explores recent developments in the concept of hybridity through a multi-disciplinary perspective, bringing ideas about legal plurality together with the fields of peace, development and cultural studies. Analysing the concepts of hybridity and hybridization, their history, their application in law and legal studies, and their implications for thinking and rethinking legal plurality, the book shows how the concept of hybridity can contribute to an understanding of the processes that occur when different normative or legal orders or frameworks confront each other.
Shattered Dreams of Revolution
Author: Bedross Der Matossian
Publisher: Stanford University Press
Published: 2014-10-15
Total Pages: 0
ISBN-13: 9780804791472
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe Ottoman revolution of 1908 is a study in contradictions—a positive manifestation of modernity intended to reinstate constitutional rule, yet ultimately a negative event that shook the fundamental structures of the empire, opening up ethnic, religious, and political conflicts. Shattered Dreams of Revolution considers this revolutionary event to tell the stories of three important groups: Arabs, Armenians, and Jews. The revolution raised these groups' expectations for new opportunities of inclusion and citizenship. But as post-revolutionary festivities ended, these euphoric feelings soon turned to pessimism and a dramatic rise in ethnic tensions. The undoing of the revolutionary dreams could be found in the very foundations of the revolution itself. Inherent ambiguities and contradictions in the revolution's goals and the reluctance of both the authors of the revolution and the empire's ethnic groups to come to a compromise regarding the new political framework of the empire ultimately proved untenable. The revolutionaries had never been wholeheartedly committed to constitutionalism, thus constitutionalism failed to create a new understanding of Ottoman citizenship, grant equal rights to all citizens, and bring them under one roof in a legislative assembly. Today as the Middle East experiences another set of revolutions, these early lessons of the Ottoman Empire, of unfulfilled expectations and ensuing discontent, still provide important insights into the contradictions of hope and disillusion seemingly inherent in revolution.
The Dhimmi
Author: Bat Yeʼor
Publisher: Associated University Presse
Published: 1985
Total Pages: 444
ISBN-13: 0838632335
DOWNLOAD EBOOKExamines the treatment of non-Arab people under the rule of the Muslims and collects historical documents related to this subject
Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa
Author: Richard W. Battarbee
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2004-12-03
Total Pages: 653
ISBN-13: 1402021208
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book focuses on two complementary time-scales, the Holocene (approximately the last 11,500 years) and the last glacial-interglacial cycle (approximately the last 130,000 years) to synthesize evidence of climate variability at the regional and continental scale across Europe and Africa. This is the first examination of historical climate variations at such a scale, and thus sets a benchmark for future research.
A Quest for Equality
Author:
Publisher:
Published: 2007
Total Pages: 52
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThough Turkey is a land of vast ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity - home not only to Turks, Kurds and Armenians, but also, among others, Alevis, Ezidis, Assyrians, Laz, Caferis, Roma, Rum, Caucasians and Jews, the history of the state is one of severe repression of minorities in the name of nationalism. This report sets current law and practice in Turkey against the backdrop of equivalent international standards on linguistic rights of minorities; freedom of religion, thought and conscience; freedom of expression; freedom of assembly and association; political participation; property rights and anti-discrimination.
