The chemistry of the E-region is fairly well understood and even many of the dynamical complications of this region have been successfully modeled on individual bases. Some of the major remaining problems of this region are discussed, in particular the nitric oxide concentration, a gas affecting the ratio of the two major E-region ions, O2(+) and NO(+). The D-region is much simpler than the E-region from a dynamical point of view but extremely much more complex from a chemical standpoint. Recent results from a study of the D-region under bombardment by solar protons is emphasized.
"When 'The Effects of Atomic Weapons' was published in 1950, the explosive energy yields of the fission bombs available at that time were equivalent to some thousands of tons (i.e., kilotons) of TNT. With the development of thermonuclear (fusion) weapons, having energy yields in the range of millions of tons (i.e., megatons) of TNT, a new presentation, entitled 'The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, ' was issued in 1957. A completely revised edition was published in 1962 and this was reprinted with a few changes early in 1964. Since the last version of 'The Effects of Nuclear Weapons' was prepared, much new information has become available concerning nuclear weapons effects. This has come in part from the series of atmospheric tests, including several at very high altitudes, conducted in the Pacific Ocean area in 1962. In addition, laboratory studies, theoretical calculations, and computer simulations have provided a better understanding of the various effects. Within the limits imposed by security requirements, the new information has been incorporated in the present edition. In particular, attention may be called to a new chapter on the electromagnetic pulse. The material is arranged in a manner that should permit the general reader to obtain a good understanding of the various topics without having to cope with the more technical details. Most chapters are thus in two parts: the first part is written at a fairly low technical level whereas the second treats some of the more technical and mathematical aspects. The presentation allows the reader to omit any or all of the latter sections without loss of continuity."--Preface.
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computers and Games, CG 2004, held in Ramat-Gan, Israel, in July 2004, and co-located with the 12th World Computer Chess Championship and the 9th Computer Olympiad. The 21 revised full papers presented together with 1 keynote article were carefully selected during two rounds of reviewing and improvement from 37 submissions. The papers cover all aspects of artificial intelligence in computer-game playing. Topics addressed are evaluation and learning, search, combinatorial games and theory opening and endgame databases, single-agent search and planning, and computer Go.
An electron density model, which permits a three-dimensional specification of the ionospheric structure, has been developed. The model generates realistic electron density profiles in the altitude range from 100 to 800 km by making use of selected ionospheric parameters that are routinely observed. The model also allows for the calculation of the electron distribution over the entire path of propagation of a radio signal by employing a synoptic mapping technique. The mapping technique enagles ionospheric parameters observed at specific locations to be extended and extrapolated to regions where data are not normally accessible. The electron densities that are computed are done in a manner that is totally consistent with the observed parameters needed to generate the profiles. (Author).
Results of an experimental and analytical research investigation on nozzle/afterbody drag are presented. Experimental afterbody (and boattail) drag coefficients and pressure distributions are discussed for an isolated, strut-mounted nozzle/afterbody model for the Mach number range from 0.6 to 1.5. Some data are also given for free-stream unit Reynolds numbers from one million to approximately four million per foot. The experimental data were obtained for the basic model with an air-cooled and a water-cooled Ethylene/air combustor to provide hot-jet duplication as well as cold-jet simulation. The temperature of the nozzle exhaust gas was varied from 530R (burner-off) to approximately 2500R for several nozzle pressure ratios from jet-off to those corresponding to a moderately under-expanded exhaust plum. The initial series of experiments was conducted with the air-cooled combustors, and the effect of jet temperature on afterbody drag was somewhat masked by the effects of the secondary airflow from the cooling air. The general trend, however, shows a decreasing afterbody drag with increasing exhaust gas temperature and with decreasing secondary airflow at a fixed nozzle pressure ratio. (Modified author abstract).
This book contains the lectures presented at the Summer Advanced Study Institute, 'Physics and Chemistry of Atmospheres' which was held at the University of Liege, Belgium, during the period July 29-August 9, 1974. One-hundred nineteen persons from eleven different countries attended the Institute. The authors and publisher have made a special effort for rapid publication of an up to-date status of the physics and chemistry ofthe atmospheres of Earth and the plan ets, which is an ever-changing area. Special thanks are due to the lecturers for their diligent preparation and excellent presentations. The individual lectures and the published papers were deliberately limited; the authors' cooperation in conforming to these specifications is greatly appreciated. The contents of the book are organized by subject area rather than in the order in which papers were presented during the Institute. Many thanks are due to Drs Alv Egeland, Donald M. Hunten, Gunther Lange-Hesse, Marcel Nicolet, Harold I. Schiff, Lance Thomas, Alister Vallance Jones, Richard Wayne, and Gilbert Weill who served as session chairmen during the Institute and contributed greatly to its success by skillfully directing the discussion period in a stimulating manner after each lecture. Many persons contributed to the success of the Institute. Drs Alv Egeland, Donald M. Hunten, Gunther Lange-Hesse, Marcel Nicolet, Harold I. Schiff, Erwin R. Schmerling, Lance Thomas, Alister Vallance Jones, Richard Wayne, and Gilbert Weill were especially helpful in preparing the technical program.
