In 1954, a young Egyptian archaeologist, clearing a site just south of the Great Pyramid at Giza, discovered a great papyriform ship, built for a king and then dismantled and buried at the height of the Egyptian Old Kingdom. This book tells the story of this Royal Ship--its discovery, excavation and reconstruction. The author also addresses who built the ship and why, how it has survived intact for so long, and what connection it may have had with the age-old Egyptian myth of the Sun-god, eternally journeying across the heavens in the Reed Float. This book is also the story of Ahmed Youssef Moustafa, Chief Restorer of the Department of Antiquities, who almost single-handedly put back together the 1,223 pieces of the ship.
Drawing on archaeological and literary evidence, Dilwyn Jones examines the importance of the boat in Egyptian ritual and belief, as well as in everyday life. The sun god was thought to travel across the sky in a solar boat, and Egyptians believed that the deserving might join the god Osiris in his divine bark after death. Boats played an important part in funerary ritual; models were often placed in tombs to provide the deceased with safe passage through the Winding Waterway in the underworld. Also, boats are frequently depicted in tomb paintings. The Nile has always been a vital transport artery for Egypt and boats the principal means of travel. Early papyrus skiffs gradually gave way to wooden craft of increasing size and sophistication, ranging from fishing boats and barges to seagoing warships, splendid ships of state and enormous obelisk barges used to transport stone to temples and monuments. Dilwyn Jones traces the development of the different types of boats and the techniques of their construction through the Old, Middle, and New Kingdom periods. The book is illustrated with photographs of boat models and paintings and with line drawings.
They Pyramids at Giza have stood for over 4,500 years, and the amazing feat of their construction is shrouded in mystery. DK Eyewitness Books: Pyramid tried to answer some of the riddles about them and the people who built them, through fascinating facts and specially commissioned photography. Discover what archeological finds have revealed about life on the banks of the Nile during the Pyramid Age in DK Eyewitness: Pyramid. See the pyramids and temples of Egypt and Mexico in breathtaking detail, as well as statues of pharaohs, officials, workers, and religious texts written on stone and papyrus thousands of years ago. Reconstructions show the step Pyramid Complex at Saqqara, the interior passages of the Great Pyramid, and a pyramid being built. DK Eyewitness: Pyramid is a unique and fascinating introduction to the mysteries of these striking and colossal structures.
The designs of the pyramids of ancient Egypt evolved over time; they had connections with the ancient myths, legends, and with the stars as they were in ancient times. When pyramid dimensions are converted to 'cubits' and 'seked,' revealing relationships emerge that were obscured by using using modern units. All of the energy of building came from manpower, courtesy of the energy consumed in the workers' food and drink. The mathematics of ramp construction, and of the use of ramps to convey stones at the phenomenal rates apparently achieved, challenge pet theories of construction. Most captivating is a study of the culture of the builders, evidenced in models of villages and farms, scenes of food preparation, toys, statues, magic, and tomb art.
In 1937 the author, then aged 19, found the remains of an ancient boat at Ferriby on the Humber shore. This book is his own account of his discoveries, excavations and research over 50 years since the first boat find. The importance of this and the subsequent finds was only fully recognised after World War II, when the new technique of carbon-14 dating revealed that the Ferriby Boats were built before 1000 BC. This makes them the oldest plank-built boats found anywhere in the world apart from Ancient Egypt and the Aegean; they predate any similar craft in Northern Europe by half a millennium and present evidence for a style of boat building previously unknown. The excavation and preservation of the boats presented many problems, not least the constant battle with mud and the tide. Over the years the author pioneered methods of excavating and recording which have since become standard in the field of maritime archaeology. This book also presents a realistic reconstruction of the boats with estimates of its performance. They suggest a capacity for navigation at this time not previously imagined and add a new and fundamental dimension to the history of man's relationship with the sea.
During the Bronze Age, the ancient societies that ringed the Mediterranean, once mostly separate and isolate, began to reach across the great expanse of sea to conduct trade, marking an age of immense cultural growth and technological development. These intersocietal lines of communication and paths for commerce relied on rigorous open-water travel. And, as a potential superhighway, the Mediterranean demanded much in the way of seafaring knowledge and innovative ship design if it were to be successfully navigated. In Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant Shelley Wachsmann presents a one-of-a-kind comprehensive examination of how the early eastern Mediterranean cultures took to the sea--and how they evolved as a result. The author surveys the blue-water ships of the Egyptians, Syro-Canaanites, Cypriots, Early Bronze Age Aegeans, Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Sea Peoples, and discusses known Bronze Age shipwrecks. Relying on archaeological, ethnological, iconographic, and textual evidence, Wachsmann delivers a fascinating and intricate rendering of virtually every aspect of early sea travel--from ship construction and propulsion to war on the open water, piracy, and laws pertaining to conduct at sea. This broad study is further enhanced by contributions from other renowned scholars. J. Hoftijzer and W. H. van Soldt offer new and illuminating translations of Ugaritic and Akkadian documents that refer to seafaring. J. R. Lenz delves into the Homeric Greek lexicon to search out possible references to the birdlike shapes that adorned early ships' stem and stern. F. Hocker provides a useful appendix and glossary of nautical terms, and George F. Bass's foreword frames the study's scholarly significance and discusses its place in the nautical archaeological canon. This book brings together for the first time the entire corpus of evidence pertaining to Bronze Age seafaring and will be of special value to archaeologists, maritime historians, philologists, and Bronze Age textual scholars. Offering an abundance of line drawings and photographs and written in a style that makes the material easily accessible to the layperson, Wachsmann's study is certain to become a standard reference for anyone interested in the dawn of sea travel.
Written to replace and extend Torr's Ancient Ships, this generously illustrated underwater Bible" traces the art and technology of Mediterranean ships and seamanship from their first crude stages (about 3000 B.C.) to the heyday of the Byzantine fleets. Originally published in 1971. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Like the Great Pyramid, mysteries surround the other pyramids as well as other features found at the Giza plateau in Egypt. For example: Why does the second pyramid have two entrances, both off center, while the single entrance to the third pyramid is centered? What was the purpose of the two lower chambers in the second pyramid? Moreover, why was the sarcophagus in this pyramid made to be wider than the passages that lead to the upper chamber? In a related matter, why were the bones of a bull placed in the sarcophagus? And why was the sarcophagus sunk into the floor up to its lid? At the third pyramid, why were parts of a body dating to the Christian period wrapped in a coarse yellow woolen cloth and buried beneath three feet of rubbish in the upper chamber? Why in the third pyramid was the lower vaulted chamber designed so that it would absorb both sound and light? Out on the plateau, what was the purpose of the so-called trial passages? On the south side of the Great Pyramid, why was an ancient boat dismantled and buried in a pit east of that pyramids north-south axis? And what was stored in the other pit west of the axis? Do the four so-called air shafts in the Great Pyramid link the three major pyramids together? And how are the compartments above the Kings Chamber related to the end time? David Furlong, author of The Keys to the Temple, says the whole of the Giza complex was based on a coherent design intended to portray a spiritual theme (page 89). Volume 2 of Books Written in Stone: Enoch the Seer, the Pyramids of Giza, and the Last Days provides the evidence to support this thesis.
Written by specialists in the field of Egyptology, this book is a readable introduction to ancient Egypt, covering all anticipated subjects and stressing the monuments and material culture of this remarkable ancient civilization. The rich natural resources of ancient Egypt provided a wealth of raw material for its structures, sculptures, and art, while its geographic isolation helped to ensure the survival of its rich culture for centuries. While other references focus on the people and battles central to Egyptian history, this reference explores the material culture and social institutions of ancient Egypt. The book focuses on pharaonic Egypt, covering the period from roughly 5000 BCE to the beginning of the Greco-Roman Period in 320 BCE. At the front of the work, a timeline provides a quick look at the major events in Egyptian history, and an introduction surveys ancient Egypt's physical geography and history. Alphabetically arranged reference entries written by expert contributors then provide fundamental information about the buildings, jewelry, social practices, and other topics related to the material culture and institutions that made up the Egyptian world. Excerpts from primary source historical documents provide evidence for what we know about ancient Egyptian culture, and suggestions for further reading direct users to additional sources of information.
A shipwreck is a time capsule. When a maritime archaeologist picks up an item from the seabed, it is a direct connection with history. The last time the object was touched was sometimes centuries before; now, it’s starting a new life. The millions of vessels that lie under the sea tell the human history of the world. Mensun Bound is the renowned marine archaeologist who was the Director of Exploration on the team that discovered Ernest Shackleton’s Endurance. With journalist Mark Frary, here Bound uses the many treasures he has discovered, from Nazi eagles to cannonballs, to write a maritime history of the world from 3000 BCE. Interwoven throughout with beautiful photographs, Wonders in the Deep is a riveting story of human ambition, defeat and ingenuity.
