A date known to most in the Western World is 1492, when the discovery of the Americas by Columbus closed out the Middle Ages and set the stage for the modern history of the New World. Many military expeditions of but a few hundred men sent forth by the King left Spain for the new territories. During these momentous times, one of these adventurers, Pedro de Mérida, became a conquistador and chronicler of the New World, one who would leave a vibrant record of his exploits in Chile and Peru for us. The Adventure Chronicles of Conquistador Pedro de Mérida is an unforgettable travel adventure back to a remote land and age when the search for gold and power dominated men’s actions as historical events shook the foundation of the mighty Inca Empire.
It is 1492 when the discovery of the Americas by Columbus closes out the Middle Ages and sets the stage for the modern history of the New World. While new lands beckon adventure seekers focused on discovery, conquest, and settlement, a few hundred men sent forth by the King of Spain leave on expeditions to explore the new territories and search for gold and power. One of these adventurers, Pedro de Mérida, becomes a conquistador and chronicler of the New World – and one who will ultimately leave a vibrant record of his travels in Chile and Peru. In a fascinating retelling through six letters to the king, a sixty-year-old de Mérida documents his travels to the farthest regions of the Inca Empire. As he captures the spirit of adventure and invites others into his story of the conquest of Chile in his first three letters, the conquistador details the Diego de Almagro Expedition to Chile in 1535 to 1537 and the return to Peru, a distance of more than three thousand miles. The Adventure Chronicles of Conquistador Pedro de Mérida shares an unforgettable travel adventure back to a remote land and age when the search for gold and power dominated men’s actions as historical events shook the foundation of the mighty Inca Empire.
USAGE PERMISSION: I, the copyright holder of this work, release it into the public domain and it applies worldwide. In some countries this may not be legally possible; if so: I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law. Author: Xeménex. (Posted on Wikimedia.) To appreciate this book to the fullest, please visit the website: bobvillarreal.com, and experience what the author calls: “Read the book and view the site with its images and historical documents, a new and exciting way to enjoy a book.” Copyrighted 2013.
In this book, the author describes his climbing adventures prior to his solo mountaineering days. He began with mountains in Ecuador guided by American Alpine Institute, culminating in a climb of the highest peak in the country, Chimborazo (20,564 feet), in 1989. Because of its height and its proximity to the Equator, it is the highest mountain on Earth when measured from sea level and closest to the Sun when measured from the Earth's core. The next year, he went to Bolivia with the same company and climbed peaks there, the most notable, Illimani (21,122 feet). In 1991, he journeyed to Argentina to attempt the highest mountain in the Andes, Aconcagua (22,841 feet), by the difficult Polish Glacier Direct route, once more with AAI. After that expedition, he felt he had the skills to try things on his own, and he tells of certain of those climbs in his, "Clawing for the Stars. A Solo Climber in the Highest Andes".
From the late fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries, the Hispanic Monarchy was one of the largest and most diverse political communities known in history. At its apogee, it stretched from the Castilian plateau to the high peaks of the Andes; from the cosmopolitan cities of Seville, Naples, or Mexico City to Santa Fe and San Francisco; from Brussels to Buenos Aires and from Milan to Manila. During those centuries, Spain left its imprint across vast continents and distant oceans contributing in no minor way to the emergence of our globalised era. This was true not only in an economic sense-the Hispano-American silver peso transported across the Atlantic and the Pacific by the Spanish fleets was arguably the first global currency, thus facilitating the creation of a world economic system-but intellectually and artistically as well. The most extraordinary cultural exchanges took place in practically every corner of the Hispanic world, no matter how distant from the metropolis. At various times a descendant of the Aztec nobility was translating a Baroque play into Nahuatl to the delight of an Amerindian and mixed audience in the market of Tlatelolco; an Andalusian Dominican priest was writing the first Western grammar of the Chinese language in Fuzhou, a Chinese city that enjoyed a trade monopoly with the Spanish Philippines; a Franciscan friar was composing a piece of polyphonic music with lyrics in Quechua to be played in a church decorated with Moorish-style ceilings in a Peruvian valley; or a multi-ethnic team of Amerindian and Spanish naturalists was describing in Latin, Spanish and local vernacular languages thousands of medicinal plants, animals and minerals previously unknown to the West. And, most probably, at the same time that one of those exchanges were happening, the members of the School of Salamanca were laying the foundations of modern international law or formulating some of the first modern theories of price, value and money, Cervantes was writing Don Quixote, Velázquez was painting Las Meninas, or Goya was exposing both the dark and bright sides of the European Enlightenment. Actually, whenever we contemplate the galleries devoted to Velázquez, El Greco, Zurbarán, Murillo or Goya in the Prado Museum in Madrid; when we visit the National Palace in Mexico City, a mission in California, a Jesuit church in Rome or the Intramuros quarter in Manila; or when we hear Spanish being spoken in a myriad of accents in the streets of San Francisco, New Orleans or Manhattan we are experiencing some of the past and present fruits of an always vibrant and still expanding cultural community. As the reader can infer by now, this book is about how Spain and the larger Hispanic world have contributed to world history and in particular to the history of civilisation, not only at the zenith of the Hispanic Monarchy but throughout a much longer span of time.
The conquest of the New World would hardly have been possible if the invading Spaniards had not allied themselves with the indigenous population. This book takes into account the role of native peoples as active agents in the Conquest through a review of new sources and more careful analysis of known but under-studied materials that demonstrate the overwhelming importance of native allies in both conquest and colonial control. In Indian Conquistadors, leading scholars offer the most comprehensive look to date at native participation in the conquest of Mesoamerica. The contributors examine pictorial, archaeological, and documentary evidence spanning three centuries, including little-known eyewitness accounts from both Spanish and native documents, paintings (lienzos) and maps (mapas) from the colonial period, and a new assessment of imperialism in the region before the Spanish arrival. This new research shows that the Tlaxcalans, the most famous allies of the Spanish, were far from alone. Not only did native lords throughout Mesoamerica supply arms, troops, and tactical guidance, but tens of thousands of warriors—Nahuas, Mixtecs, Zapotecs, Mayas, and others—spread throughout the region to participate with the Spanish in a common cause. By offering a more balanced account of this dramatic period, this book calls into question traditional narratives that emphasize indigenous peoples’ roles as auxiliaries rather than as conquistadors in their own right. Enhanced with twelve maps and more than forty illustrations, Indian Conquistadors opens a vital new line of research and challenges our understanding of this important era.
Volume II of The Cambridge History of War covers what in Europe is commonly called 'the Middle Ages'. It includes all of the well-known themes of European warfare, from the migrations of the Germanic peoples and the Vikings through the Reconquista, the Crusades and the age of chivalry, to the development of state-controlled gunpowder-wielding armies and the urban militias of the later middle ages; yet its scope is world-wide, ranging across Eurasia and the Americas to trace the interregional connections formed by the great Arab conquests and the expansion of Islam, the migrations of horse nomads such as the Avars and the Turks, the formation of the vast Mongol Empire, and the spread of new technologies – including gunpowder and the earliest firearms – by land and sea.
Barangay presents a sixteenth-century Philippine ethnography. Part One describes Visayan culture in eight chapters on physical appearance, food and farming, trades and commerce, religion, literature and entertainment, natural science, social organization, and warfare. Part Two surveys the rest of the archipelago from south to north.
The significance of food and feasting to Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures has been extensively studied by archaeologists, anthropologists and art historians. Foodways studies have been critical to our understanding of early agriculture, political economies, and the domestication and management of plants and animals. Scholars from diverse fields have explored the symbolic complexity of food and its preparation, as well as the social importance of feasting in contemporary and historical societies. This book unites these disciplinary perspectives — from the social and biological sciences to art history and epigraphy — creating a work comprehensive in scope, which reveals our increasing understanding of the various roles of foods and cuisines in Mesoamerican cultures. The volume is organized thematically into three sections. Part 1 gives an overview of food and feasting practices as well as ancient economies in Mesoamerica. Part 2 details ethnographic, epigraphic and isotopic evidence of these practices. Finally, Part 3 presents the metaphoric value of food in Mesoamerican symbolism, ritual, and mythology. The resulting volume provides a thorough, interdisciplinary resource for understanding, food, feasting, and cultural practices in Mesoamerica.
