This publication presents the results of a 2-year effort to update environmental assessment in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The research was a collaborative effort involving the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the National Development and Reform Commission, and numerous other technical and research institutions in the PRC. Based on this research and extensive consultations, ADB proposes a wide range of programs and policies that will help improve environmental quality despite new and emerging sources of pollution and challenges to natural resources management. Inclusive growth and a green economy are the government's guiding principles for its development agenda under the 12th Five-Year Plan and beyond to 2020. To support these principles, the PRC needs to restructure its economic and fiscal systems to reflect environmental externality, expand the use of market-based instruments to control pollution, and introduce and implement legal reforms to clarify responsibility and promote cooperation.
This publication showcases a compilation of project briefs culled from case studies of good practices, new approaches, and working models on sanitation and wastewater management from different countries. The project briefs demonstrate solution options from which useful lessons can be derived. Not only do they illustrate how sanitation and wastewater management challenges can be addressed, the project briefs also aim to inspire replication and show opportunities for actions and investments. Given the more complex water resource and health challenges in many parts of the world, it is time to engage in a rational analysis of all possible management strategies, learn from others' experiences, apply innovative approaches, and tap potential markets.
Crayfish are one of the most iconic freshwater crustacean groups of the world. The wide range of biological adaptations of the freshwater crayfish to the limnetic ecosystems is surprising, as is there is high potential of some taxa to become invasive species. There is a constant growing interest in develop research with freshwater crayfish. They can be an important food source in several countries, the aquarium pet trade and cultural importance, in addition to the presence of several imperiled species. This book brings important reviews of some aspects of diversity, biological features, evolution, habitat characteristics, behavior and conservation strategies of freshwater crayfish, including native taxa, especially endemic from South America, New Guinea and North America, and non-indigenous species. In South American, new species have been discovered in recent years and are classified in threat categories, indicating the need of more studies regarding taxonomy and conservation. For New Guinean species, data about their exploitation by humans and further perspectives about the improvement of conservation practices are presented. In relation to the North American crayfish, this book brings information about some aspects of biology and behavior of the burrowing species Procambarus acanthophorus. A global assessment and future perspectives for all alien crayfish species are also presented in this book. Regarding the partenogenetic marbled crayfish, Procambarus virginalis, the book brings an extensive review covering aspects of detection history, biology, ecology, evolution, systematics and utilization of this species in the world. In additon, an overview of integrative taxonomy studies and cryptic diversity in crayfish is also presented
In 2009, ADB interviewed past and present personnel on their struggles and triumphs in ADB, working for the development of Asia and the Pacific region, and ADB's evolution as an institution. This book captures their memories and experiences and provides a very personal and human perspective on dealing with the challenges of the development world. Interspersed with the critical elements of ADB work from project formulation to making tricky judgment calls are also the interviewees recollections of past and present colleagues, first days at ADB, friendships forged, and more.
This book is a comprehensive climatic monograph, which addresses one of the most complex mountain environments in Europe, the Carpathians Chain, focusing on the branches that lie over Romania. The volume aggregates high quality input data, state-of-the-art techniques, regional analysis and overview perspectives, while addressing the spatial and temporal patterns of the main climatic elements. The study covers the period 1961-2010, for the present climate, while the perspective is extended up to 2050. The main climatic elements (e.g. air temperature, precipitation, wind) are analyzed, but some specific variables like snow depth and snow cover are also examined, both in terms of average behaviour and extreme characteristics. This is the first synthesis addressing the climate of this mountain region, and it provides useful information for scientists, mountain stakeholders, decision-makers and general public.
This book analyzes the political and socioeconomic factors that influence China, the world's largest carbon emitter, and its participation into the global collective actions targeted on the mitigation and adaptation of climate change.