This paper focuses mainly on official bilateral and multilateral financing for countries that have rescheduled their debts to official bilateral creditors. In contrast to the approaches taken by private lenders, official creditors have continued to provide new financing on a large scale to countries with debt-servicing difficulties that implement adjustment and reform programs. Financial support bas been provided through a wide variety of instruments and channels. For the low-income rescheduling countries as a group, total financial assistance has been about as large as these countries' own export earnings in every year since 1986. The recent trends in official financing have important ramifications for developing countries. Access to external financing from official sources is likely to remain high for those countries whose adjustment and reform efforts provide assurances that resources will be used efficiently. Conversely, countries with uneven records of policy implementation (particularly as regards payments arrears) are likely to find difficulty in attracting financial support.
This 1999 edition of OECD's periodic reviews of Turkey's economy examines recent economic developments, policies and prospcts. It includes special features on budget deficits and debt, reforming the social security system, and structural reform.
This 2002 edition of OECD's periodic reviews of Turkey's economy examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects and includes special features on banking system restructuring and structural reforms for a new role for the public sector.
This 1997 edition of OECD's periodic review of Turkey's economy examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. It includes a special feature on structural reform.
In 2011 the World Bank—with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation—launched the Global Findex database, the world's most comprehensive data set on how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. Drawing on survey data collected in collaboration with Gallup, Inc., the Global Findex database covers more than 140 economies around the world. The initial survey round was followed by a second one in 2014 and by a third in 2017. Compiled using nationally representative surveys of more than 150,000 adults age 15 and above in over 140 economies, The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution includes updated indicators on access to and use of formal and informal financial services. It has additional data on the use of financial technology (or fintech), including the use of mobile phones and the Internet to conduct financial transactions. The data reveal opportunities to expand access to financial services among people who do not have an account—the unbanked—as well as to promote greater use of digital financial services among those who do have an account. The Global Findex database has become a mainstay of global efforts to promote financial inclusion. In addition to being widely cited by scholars and development practitioners, Global Findex data are used to track progress toward the World Bank goal of Universal Financial Access by 2020 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The database, the full text of the report, and the underlying country-level data for all figures—along with the questionnaire, the survey methodology, and other relevant materials—are available at www.worldbank.org/globalfindex.
This book's main theme is that the neoliberal economic policies forced on developing countries by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank serve the interests of Western industrial countries more than those of developing countries, as the post-1980 Turkish experience illustrates. Within a simple dependency-oriented framework the book presents the effects of liberalization policies in Turkey. These policies were mostly concerned with allocative efficiency, disregarding distributional efficiency issues. The results were not always socially or politically desirable. These policies consistently favored capital over labor and created an economic system that made the rich richer and the poor poorer. Privatization, in the name of raising allocative efficiency, contributed to increasing inequality and poverty. Anti-inflationary policies, debt-reduction schemes, environmental policies, and agricultural reforms all favored the interests of high-income groups. transferring surplus from the national metropolis to the international metropolis, or by restructuring the developing countries' output, input, and financial markets so that any exchange between developing and industrial countries would
This book examines the objectives set by the World Bank for its operations in Turkey in the period 1993-2004 and the extent to which those objectives were met.
World Development Report 1994 examines the link between infrastructure and development and explores ways in which developing countries can improve both the provision and the quality of infrastructure services. In recent decades, developing countries have made substantial investments in infrastructure, achieving dramatic gains for households and producers by expanding their access to services such as safe water, sanitation, electric power, telecommunications, and transport. Even more infrastructure investment and expansion are needed in order to extend the reach of services - especially to people living in rural areas and to the poor. But as this report shows, the quantity of investment cannot be the exclusive focus of policy. Improving the quality of infrastructure service also is vital. Both quantity and quality improvements are essential to modernize and diversify production, help countries compete internationally, and accommodate rapid urbanization. The report identifies the basic cause of poor past performance as inadequate institutional incentives for improving the provision of infrastructure. To promote more efficient and responsive service delivery, incentives need to be changed through commercial management, competition, and user involvement. Several trends are helping to improve the performance of infrastructure. First, innovation in technology and in the regulatory management of markets makes more diversity possible in the supply of services. Second, an evaluation of the role of government is leading to a shift from direct government provision of services to increasing private sector provision and recent experience in many countries with public-private partnerships is highlighting new ways to increase efficiency and expand services. Third, increased concern about social and environmental sustainability has heightened public interest in infrastructure design and performance.
''Thomas Marois'' book, States, Banks and Crisis, is highly attractive to development scholars because of the combinations of topics it discusses, the countries analyzed, and its characterization of financial capital as dominant. In the last century the states of Mexico and Turkey promoted robust economic growth guided by powerful public banking organizations. The book captures how this came to a halt since the 1980s through the privatizing of economic activity, especially banking activities in ways that induced steep banking crises that halted economic development. Marois discusses the theory and history of Mexico and Turkey in depth offering an excellent analysis of their neoliberal experiences while proposing new alternatives to reshape the linkages between the financial sector and economic growth.'' Noemí Levy, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City ''This book attempts to provide a critique of neoclassical and liberal political economists as well as the much-hyped and influential "varieties of capitalism" approach, a variant of institutionalist political economy, by claiming that they are dismissive of "the structural power of financial capital". In this regard, it makes an important contribution to the critical political economy tradition with its detailed analysis of the relations between the state, finance capital and labour in the context of two "emerging capitalisms", Mexico and Turkey. Thereby, it enhances our understanding of how the financial crises function as driving forces of neoliberal transformation by initiating new forms of state specific to peripheral capitalism.'' Galip Yalman, Middle East Technical University, Turkey ''As analysts fixated on the financial crisis convulsing the core capitalist countries, the so-called "emerging markets" also saw stunning tranformations in the world of finance capitalism. This remarkable study by Tom Marois carefully dissects the evolution of the banking industry in two of the most significant state-led capitalisms, Turkey and Mexico, as they formed finance-led neoliberal economic policies. The consequences for their development strategies makes for sober reading. This is a unique and crucial study for students of the comparative political economy of contemporary capitalism.'' Greg Albo, York University, Canada ''Financialization is as financialization does. It is a mix of the universal characteristics of finance within capitalism, its contemporary powerful hold over, even defining feature of, the neoliberal age, and the myriad of specific global markets and countries into which it has penetrated. In a stunning work of comparative political economy, Marois brilliantly weaves together these aspects of finance drawing on both innovative theoretical insights and primary case study evidence from Turkey and Mexico to furnish what will become a classic and original contribution to the understanding of financialization in the developing world, highlighting both the role of the state in the era of putatively free markets and the possibility, indeed, necessity of alternatives.'' Ben Fine, University of London, UK ''Marois has provided us with a fascinating, rigorous and important study of the rise and persistence of finance capitalism in Mexico and Turkey. Drawing on an innovative historical materialist lens, Marois'' analysis reveals the struggles, contradictions, and continued significance of the banking sector in defining and redefining neoliberal-led development in these so-called "emerging markets". This is a very welcome addition to critical understandings of the role of finance and states in the global South.'' Susanne Soederberg, Queen''s University, Canada Thomas Marois'' groundbreaking interpretation of banking and development in Mexico and Turkey builds on a Marxian-inspired framework premised on understanding states and banks as social relationships alongside crisis and labor as vital to finance today. The book''s rich historical and empirical content reveals definite institutionalized relationships of power that mainstream political economists often miss. While leading to a timely analysis of the impact of the Great Recession on Mexico and Turkey, the major contribution of States, Banks and Crisis in its account of emerging finance capitalism. This is defined as the current phase of accumulation wherein the interests of financial capital are fused in the state apparatus as the institutionalized priorities and overarching social logic guiding the actions of state managers and government elites, often to the detriment of labor. This interdisciplinary and accessible study on banking and development will prove to be an important resource for upper-level undergraduates, graduates, and scholars in economics, development studies, political science, political economy, development finance, sociology, international relations and international political economy.
This 2001 edition of OECD's period review of Turkey's economy examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. It includes special features on policy in light of the end-2000 financial crisis, fiscal policy, the structural reform program, and policy implications of the 1999 earthquake.
