Stabilization of Polymeric Materials
Stabilization of Polymeric Materials

Author: Hans Zweifel

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 225

ISBN-13: 3642803059

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Plastics are used worldwide in everyday life, e.g. as food packaging, electronics, construction, automotive parts, and household appliances. To produce these products with the desired service lifetimes the use of suitable stabilizers is necessary. This book provides a concise and comprehensive overview of the basic mechanisms of plastic degradation processes caused by heat and light. At its core is a detailed description of the stabilization of different polymers, including an explanation of stabilization mechanisms and the influence of commonly used additives such as fillers, flame retardents and pigments on the stability of plastic. Every polymer scientist, material technologist, or application engineer dealing with the design of the properties of plastics will benefit from this new overview.

Polymer Degradation and Stabilization
Polymer Degradation and Stabilization

Author: W. L. Hawkins

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 129

ISBN-13: 3642693768

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The development of polymers as an important class of material was inhibited at the first by the premature failure of these versatile compounds in many applications. The deterioration of important properties of both natural and synthetic polymers is the result of irreversible changes in composition and structure of polymers molecules. As a result of these reactions, mechanical, electrical and/or aesthetic properties are degraded beyond acceptable limits. It is now generally recognized that stabilization against degradation is necessary if the useful life of polymers is to be extended sufficiently to meet design requirements for long-term applications. Polymers degrade by a wide variety of mechanisms, several of which affect all polymers through to varying degree. This monograph will concentrate on those degradation mechanisms which result from reactions of polymers with oxygen in its various forms and which are accelerated by heat and/or radiation. Those stabilization mechanisms are discussed which are based on an understanding of degradation reaction mechanisms that are reasonably well established. The stabilization of polymers is still undergoing a transition from an art to a science as mechanisms of degradation become more fully developed. A scientific approach to stabilization can only be approached when there is an understanding of the reactions that lead to degradation. Stabilization against biodegradation and burning will not be discussed since there is not a clear understanding of how polymers degrade under these conditions.

Fundamentals of Polymer Degradation and Stabilization
Fundamentals of Polymer Degradation and Stabilization

Author: N.S. Allen

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 1992-10-31

Total Pages: 218

ISBN-13: 9781851667734

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During the past decade, the field of polymer degradation and stabilization has become a subject of central importance in polymer science and technology. This book provides a fundamental source of information designed for those with only a basic understanding of the background of the field.

Aging and Stabilization of Polymers
Aging and Stabilization of Polymers

Author: M. B. Neiman

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 374

ISBN-13: 146158549X

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The need for a broad development of the production of polymer ma terials has become evident. All these materials are subject to various types of aging (destruction); hence, stabilizers which permit the stor age, reprocessing, and use of polymer materials without any appreci able change in their properties must be introduced into them. In recent years, this problem of stabilizing polymers has attracted the attention of many scientists and technologists, both in the USSR and abroad. The scientific basis of the foreign studies will be found in a number of theo retical premises, but chiefly the theory of chain reactions with un branched chains. In the Soviet Union, the concepts of Academician N. N. Semenov on chain reactions with degenerate branches have become the starting point of theoretical studies of the stabilization and destruction of polymers. Soviet scientists have developed a theory of critical concentrations of antioxidants and have shown that the processes of stabilization have a very complex chemical character. The nature of the polymers them selves greatly affects these processes and consequently, different stabil izers are required for polymers of different structures. In addition, it has been shown that the antioxidants used thus far can not only cause chain termination, but can also initiate oxidation and give rise to de generate branches.

Polymer Degradation and Stabilisation
Polymer Degradation and Stabilisation

Author: Norman Grassie

Publisher: CUP Archive

Published: 1988-04-14

Total Pages: 236

ISBN-13: 9780521357975

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The study of polymer degradation and stabilisation is of considerable practical importance as the industrial uses of polymeric materials continue to expand. In this book, the authors lucidly relate technological phenomena to the chemistry and physics of degradation and stabilisation processes. Degradation embraces a variety of technologically important phenomena ranging from relatively low temperature processes such as 'weathering' of plastics, 'fatigue' of rubbers through the processing of polymers in shearing mixers to very high temperature processes such as flammability and ablation. All these technological phenomena have in common certain basic chemical reactions. Thus 'weathering' has its roots in photo-oxidation, 'fatigue' and melt-degradation in mechano-oxidation and flammability, and ablation in ablation in pyrolysis and vapour phase oxidation.

Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation and Stabilisation
Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation and Stabilisation

Author: G. Scott

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 336

ISBN-13: 9401138389

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The purpose of this publication is two-fold. In the first place it is intended to review progress in the development of practical stabilising systems for a wide range of polymers and applications. A complemen tary and ultimately more important objective is to accommodate these practical developments within the framework of antioxidant theory, since there can be little question that further major advances in the practice of stabilisation technology will only be possible on a firm mechanistic foundation. With the continual increase in the number of commercial anti oxidants and stabilisers, often functioning by mechanisms not even considered ten years ago, there is a need for a general theory which will allow the potential user to predict the performance of a particular antioxidant structure under specific practical conditions. Any such predictive tool must involve a simplified kinetic approach to inhibited oxidation and, in Chapter 1, Denisov outlines a possible mechanistic approach with the potential to predict the most useful antioxidant to use and the limits of its usefulness. In Chapter 2, Schwetlick reviews the current state of knowledge on the antioxidant mechanisms of the phosphite esters with particular emphasis on their catalytic peroxidolytic activity. Dithiophosphate v vi PREFACE derivatives show a similar behaviour but for quite different reasons and, in Chapter 3, AI-Malaika reviews information available from analytical studies, particularly using 31p_NMR spectroscopy, to elucid ate the complex chemistry that leads to the formation of the antioxidant -active agents.

Resistance and Stability of Polymers
Resistance and Stability of Polymers

Author: Gottfried Wilhelm Ehrenstein

Publisher: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH Co KG

Published: 2013-10-01

Total Pages: 1462

ISBN-13: 3446437096

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The stability and resistance of polymeric materials determine whether they can be utilized in a given application. Authoritative and reliable material information is needed during the material selection process and this information must consider the influences of material manufacturing, compounding and stabilization, processing, part design, use and subsequent disposal/recycling. This book is based on the review of more than 1200 literature sources and represents a comprehensive overview of the current know-how regarding the stability and resistance of thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers as well as the most commonly used reinforcements and additives. Extensive tables document material resistance to given media, facilitating appropriate material selection or stabilization for a given application. Contents Volume 1: Principles of Aging Testing Methods Stabilization Influence of Processing and Use Resistance to Thermal and Thermal-Oxidative Loads, Weathering, Chemicals, Ionizing Radiation, Microorganisms, Biological Influences, and Mechanical Loads Creep and Fatigue of Reinforced Polymers Contents Volume 2: Chemical Resistance Tables White Lists of Media Influence (According to DIBt) References Index

Polymer Photodegradation
Polymer Photodegradation

Author: J.F. Rabek

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 679

ISBN-13: 9401112746

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During the last two decades, the production of polymers and plastics has been increasing rapidly. In spite of developing new polymers and polymeric materials, only 40~60 are used commercially on a large scale. It has been estimated that half of the annual production of polymers is employed outdoors. The photochemical instability of most polymers limits their outdoor application as they are photodegraded quickly over periods from months to a few years. To the despair of technologists and consumers alike, photodegradation and environmental ageing of polymers occur much faster than can be expected from knowledge collected in laboratories. In order to improve polymer photostability there has been a very big effort during the last 30 years to understand the mechanisms involved in photodegradation and environmental ageing. This book represents the author's attempt, based on his 25 years' experience in research on photodegradation and photo stabilization, to collect and generalize a number of available data on the photodegradation of polymers. The space limitation and the tremendous number of publications in the past two decades have made a detailed presentation of all important results and data difficult. The author apologizes to those whose work has not been quoted or widely presented in this book. Because many published results are very often contradictory, it has been difficult to present a fully critical review of collected knowledge, without antagonizing authors. For that reason, all available theories, mechanisms and different suggestions have been presented together, and only practice can evaluate which of them are valid.

Polymer Additives
Polymer Additives

Author: Jiri E. Kresta

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 403

ISBN-13: 1461327970

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Ever since the beginning of the plastics and rubber industry, it was realized that useful products could be produced only if cer tain additives were incorporated into polymers. With the help of these additives, when physically dispersed in a polymer matrix, it has been possible to improve stability against thermal, oxidative, UV, hydrolytic and biological degradation, mechanical properties, flammability, cost, and processibility of plastics. The enormous growth of the volume of plastics consumed by modern society, and new application areas for plastics, have created a demand for new, better additives and better understanding of their functions in polymer systems. As a result of these trends there is a need for sharing of information on progress achieved in the area of polymer additives among engineers and scientists of the plastics industry and academia. This book is based on expanded and updated papers originally presented at the International Symposium on Polymer Additives, which was held in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was sponsored by the American Chemical Society, Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engi neering. The book is divided into five parts which cover advances in various areas of polymer additives. The first part is devoted to the progress in understanding of UV degradation and stabilization of various polymers. Oxidation degradation and stabilization of plastic materials is covered in the second part. New developments in the stabilization of PVC are presented in the third part.