4 papers by well-recognized researchers from the United Kingdom, Finland, Canada and the United States which summarize progress made over the past ten years. Research by both private and government sectors has been active in navigation in the past and recently in relation to petroleum drilling and production in the arctic offshore.
What is Project Independence? The sources and uses of energy in the United States have changed dramatically in the last several decades. As a result, in just one generation, we have shifted from a position of domestic energy abundance to a substantial and continually growing reliance on foreign energy sources. Project Independence is a wide-ranging program to evaluate this growing dependence on foreign sources of energy, and to develop positive programs to reduce our vulnerability to future oil cut-offs and price increases.
The review discusses the state of thinking of each of the main national groups investigating sea ice and gives an overall appraisal of the field as a whole. Emphasis is placed on (1) the physical basis for interpreting sea ice strength (phase relations, air volume, and structural considerations), (2) theoretical considerations (strength models, air bubbles and salt reinforcement, and interrelations between growth conditions and strength), (3) experimental results (tensile, flexural, shear, and compressive strength, elastic modulus, shear modulus and Poisson's ratio, time dependent effects, and creep), and (4) plate characteristics. The paper includes a review of problems in sea ice investigations, relates the chemical, crystallographic, mechanical, and physical aspects involved, and concludes by showing how to utilize this knowledge to solve practical problems. (Author).
As much as one-tenth of the world’s oceans are covered with sea ice, or frozen ocean water, at some point during the annual cycle. Sea ice thus plays an important, often defining, role in the natural environment and the global climate system. This book is a global look at the changes in sea ice and the tools and techniques used to measure and record those changes. The first comprehensive research done on sea-ice field techniques, this volume will be indispensable for the study of northern sea ice and a must-have for scientists in the field of climate change research.