The risk factors associated with knee OA include obesity, prolong standing, female gender, bare foot walking, occupations using knee joint more, past history of knee injury, physical activity greater than 4 hours, sustained knee bending, positive family history of knee or other joint disease, stair climbing, sitting on floor for home activity and using high heeled shoes. These risk factors lead to knee OA. These risk factors should be communicated to individuals who are exposed to these risk factors so that they should avoid such things and remain safe from knee OA.
This comprehensive reference on total knee arthroplasty describes all surgical techniques and prosthetic designs for primary and revision arthroplasty, discusses every aspect of patient selection, preoperative planning, and intraoperative and postoperative care.
An authoritative investigation of the sources andtreatment of osteoarthritic joint pain Millions of people throughout the world suffer from osteoarthritis (OA)—a medical condition causing its sufferers excruciating pain that is often disabling. This is the first book to offer clinicians an in-depth understanding of the biological sources of osteoarthritic pain and how they can be treated. Here, a team of leading international authorities has contributed state-of-the-art information on: The Neuroscience of Articular Pain—spinal and peripheral mechanisms of joint pain; experimental models for the study of osteoarthritic pain; inflammatory mediators and nociception in arthritis; phantoms in rheumatology; and more Osteoarthritis and Pain—joint mechanisms and neuromuscular aspects of OA; bone pain and pressure in OA joints; structural correlates of OA pain; and more Treatment of Osteoarthritic Pain—general approaches to treatment; treatments targeting pain receptors; treatments targeting biomechanical abnormalities; and treatments targeting inflammation Whether you're a medical professional, researcher, student, or a generalist or specialist focusing on pain or arthritis, this is your one-stop reference for understanding and treating joint pain in osteoarthritis.
The Social Security Administration (SSA) administers two programs that provide disability benefits: the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program and the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. SSDI provides disability benefits to people (under the full retirement age) who are no longer able to work because of a disabling medical condition. SSI provides income assistance for disabled, blind, and aged people who have limited income and resources regardless of their prior participation in the labor force. Both programs share a common disability determination process administered by SSA and state agencies as well as a common definition of disability for adults: "the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months." Disabled workers might receive either SSDI benefits or SSI payments, or both, depending on their recent work history and current income and assets. Disabled workers might also receive benefits from other public programs such as workers' compensation, which insures against work-related illness or injuries occurring on the job, but those other programs have their own definitions and eligibility criteria. Selected Health Conditions and Likelihood of Improvement with Treatment identifies and defines the professionally accepted, standard measurements of outcomes improvement for medical conditions. This report also identifies specific, long-lasting medical conditions for adults in the categories of mental health disorders, cancers, and musculoskeletal disorders. Specifically, these conditions are disabling for a length of time, but typically don't result in permanently disabling limitations; are responsive to treatment; and after a specific length of time of treatment, improve to the point at which the conditions are no longer disabling.
The Editors of "Essentials of Cemented Knee Arthroplasty" have compiled a comprehensive textbook on what many consider the most successful surgical procedure of the century. This book rounds out the compendium previously published by Springer on arthroplasty related topics: "The Well Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty", "PMMA Cements", and "Management of Periprosthetic Joint Infection". Unique to this text is the high quality contributions from over 160 world wide experts in the field, and provides a unique international perspective on the multifaceted topic of knee replacement surgery. Sections include a focus on Surgical Indications, Implant Design, Novel Technologies, Complications, and Cementing Technique, amongst others. Each Chapter not only draws on the most current literature on the subject, but also crystalizes the most important points into clinically relevant, practically applicable "take home messages". This singular text is notable for not only its breadth, but also its depth, and will be an invaluable resource for knee arthroplasty surgeons throughout the globe. Assoc. Prof. Erik Hansen, MD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, USA Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Klaus-Dieter Kühn, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
"Unequal Treatment is an eye-opening book that will inform and anger readers who are interested in one of today's hottest issues - women's health. It is a thoroughly researched expose of the way women are treated by doctors, medical researchers, and the people who control the money that goes into funding medical research and health programs. Whether in the case of a medical school professor who inserts slides of centerfold models into his anatomy lectures, or of a female intern who was labeled as crazy by her supervisor because she questioned his methods and stood up for herself, or of a Rockefeller University project that explored the impact of obesity on the tendency for women to develop breast or endometrial cancer, but used only men in the study, the authors have found pervasive, institutionalized prejudice against women in medicine." "Eileen Nechas and Denise Foley reveal some startling information that uncovers the deplorable state of women's health care today, and will inspire women to challenge the quality of the health care they receive and take action against the legislators and institutions that promote and maintain the antifeminine bias in medicine today." "In research clinics, medical schools, and doctors' offices, women are not getting the treatment they need or deserve." "Based on interviews and a thorough review of the medical literature, this timely book puts women's health care, the feminist issue of the nineties, into clear perspective."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved
This Atlas provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the historical and current perspectives on osteoarthritis, including the pathophysiology and epidemiology of the disease. Written by leading authors in the field of osteoarthritis, the book discusses classification, etiology and risk factors for osteoarthritis, the disease course and determinants of osteoarthritis progression, clinical features and diagnosis as well as imaging methods to assess joint damage. The Atlas of Osteoarthritis concludes with the latest treatment updates including both nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments, as well as surgical recommendations for patients with the disease. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of joint disease causing joint pain, stiffness, and physical disability among adults. It is an important issue for both the individual and society with its impact on public health continuing to grow as a result of the aging population, the rising prevalence of obesity, and the lack of definitive treatments to prevent or halt the progress of the disease.
A strong clinical emphasis is present throughout this volume from the first section of commonly presenting problems through to the section addressing problems shared with a range of other clinical sub-specialties.
Hidden Cost, Value Lost, the fifth of a series of six books on the consequences of uninsurance in the United States, illustrates some of the economic and social losses to the country of maintaining so many people without health insurance. The book explores the potential economic and societal benefits that could be realized if everyone had health insurance on a continuous basis, as people over age 65 currently do with Medicare. Hidden Costs, Value Lost concludes that the estimated benefits across society in health years of life gained by providing the uninsured with the kind and amount of health services that the insured use, are likely greater than the additional social costs of doing so. The potential economic value to be gained in better health outcomes from uninterrupted coverage for all Americans is estimated to be between $65 and $130 billion each year.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a significant public health problem. It is the most common single cause of pain and disability in the elderly. OA is a complex disease that affects the whole joint. The knee is one of the joints most commonly affected by OA. The understanding of knee OA has been hampered by the lack of a sensitive tool to non-invasively assess disease severity. The ideal imaging modality for the assessment of OA would provide data pertaining to all joint structures, including a direct measure of both cartilage and bone, as well as other intra and extra-articular structures in three dimensions. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) promises to fulfil many of these criteria. There is no known treatment for OA that stops the progression of the disease so current strategies are aimed only at relieving symptoms. There is evidence to suggest that the incidence and progression of knee OA may involve different mechanisms. The goal for researchers is to identify and understand the mechanisms of modifiable risk factors for OA in order to develop preventative strategies. The aim of this thesis was to address this by examining risk factors for structural changes in the knee that are associated with either the development or the progression of disease in both healthy/asymptomatic populations as well as in a population with knee OA. This provided the opportunity to examine these across the spectrum of disease from the normal joint through to one with OA. Paper 1 presented within this thesis describes the natural history of cartilage defects and factors associated with the progression in those with knee OA. In this study, cartilage defects tended to progress over 2 years in people with symptomatic knee OA. Factors associated with progression of cartilage defects were increasing age and baseline tibial bone area. Papers 2 and 3 describe the prevalence and significance of meniscal tears and also the relationship between gait parameters and meniscal tears in a cohort of asymptomatic post-menopausal women. Meniscal tears were found to be common and became more common with increasing age. Tears were also associated with greater tibial plateau bone area, and prevalence of meniscal tears at baseline was weakly associated with decreased lateral cartilage volume and an increased progression of tibiofemoral cartilage defects over 2 years. In addition, gait parameters that isolate medial tibiofemoral joint loads were associated with medial meniscal pathology. The presence and severity of medial meniscal tears was positively associated with the peak external knee adduction moment during early stance, and tended toward a similar association during late stance. Moreover, the presence of medial meniscal lesions was also positively associated with the degree of internal foot rotation when the external knee adduction moment peaked during late stance, independent of the magnitude of the adduction moment. Papers 4 and 5 explore local biomechanical factors affecting the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral compartments. In people with knee OA, a change in knee alignment from genu varum toward genu valgum over 2 years was associated with a reduction in the annual rate of medial tibial cartilage volume loss in the subsequent 2.5 years. Change in alignment did not affect the rate of change in lateral tibial cartilage volume. In addition within the patellofemoral compartment, a shallower femoral sulcus angle was associated with increased medial patella cartilage volume compared to a deeper femoral sulcus angle. Papers 6 and 7 describe the natural history and significance of bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in healthy participants with no clinical knee OA. BMLs developed in 12% of people over 2 years. Increased weight and body mass index were risk factors for incident BMLs. Incident BMLs were also associated with the development of knee pain in a population where all participants were free of pain at the beginning of the study. Approximately half of the BMLs present at baseline resolved over the 2 year study period. In addition within this asymptomatic population, the development of new BMLs was associated with adverse effects on knee cartilage, while resolution of BMLs was associated with improvement in cartilage. Papers 8, 9 and 10 examine the relationships between cigarette smoking, dietary fatty acids and serum lipids and BMLs in asymptomatic clinically healthy populations. In a cohort of asymptomatic, community based adults, a history of smoking (current and past) was associated with increased medial tibial, but not lateral tibial or patella cartilage loss over 2 years. In addition there was a dose-response relationship between 'pack-years' smoked and increased medial tibial cartilage loss. For individuals who had a BML at baseline, smoking was associated with the persistence of the BML over 2 years. The persistence of the BML was found to partially mediate the relationship between smoking and cartilage loss. In the same population a higher intake of saturated fatty acids was found to be associated with an increased likelihood of developing BMLs over 2 years. In a cohort of asymptomatic middle-aged women with no clinical knee OA, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were found to be associated with the incidence of BMLs over 2 years. This thesis examined the effect of biomechanical and systemic risk factors on knee cartilage, meniscal tears and bone and the significance of their change over time in both symptomatic/healthy subjects and those with knee OA. It identified a number of modifiable factors that influence changes indicative of disease development as well as disease progression. This thesis has contributed to the identification of knee structural changes in both the pre-diseased and diseased state as well as risk factors for these changes. Further work will be required to better understand the role of these different structural changes in the early disease and their associated risk factors in order to more effectively prevent and treat knee OA. [Appendices not included in PDF]
