In the late-19th century, with the advances in technology and the increase in America's economic stature, a new round of fortification building began in the United States and its overseas territories. Locations such as Portland, Boston, New York, Baltimore, Charlestown, Savannah, Key West, Los Angeles and San Francisco were all extensively fortified. This book provides a concise introduction to the design, development and purpose of American coastal defenses in the "modern" era (1885–1950), a period defined by the use of concrete, steel, and powerful breech-loading rifles. It covers the emplacements, weaponry, equipment, and people that defended their country in times of great change and uncertainty.
An avid reader of naval history since my father's service in World War II, I had been struck by the marked contrast between the touching personal depictions of WW II photo-journalism and the dearth of portrayals of sailors as persons, not just undefined elements of crews. Frederick Harrod would observe, "Enlisted personnel are the forgotten men of naval history." 1 As a youngster I witnessed the first two years of World War II by hanging around recruits at the Naval Training Station, San Diego, California. While commissioned a line officer, my father proved too old for front line duty, so he was assigned to the legal staff as station deputy Provost Marshall, a position suited to his civilian profession of lawyer and US commissioner for Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties, California.