Weaponising Evidence provides the first analysis of the history of the international law on tobacco control. By relying on a vast set of empirical sources, it analyses the negotiation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and the tobacco control disputes lodged before the WTO and international investment tribunals (Philip Morris v Uruguay and Australia - Plain Packaging). The investigation focuses on two main threads: the instrumental use of international law in the warlike confrontation between the tobacco control advocates and the tobacco industry, and the use of evidence as a weapon in the conflict. The book unveils important lessons on the functioning of international organizations, the role of corporate actors and civil society organizations, and the importance and limits of science in law-making and litigation.
India plays a key role in addressing multilateral issues like climate change, terrorism, piracy, humanitarian crises, and nuclear disarmament. Scholarly work mapping India’s multilateral behaviour ranges from covering the United Nations to a wide range of fora where India seeks to influence issues that affect its security and development. Yet, there has been no serious exploration of how India concretely negotiates international rules. In this book, Karthik Nachiappan investigates how India negotiated four key multilateral agreements: The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, The Framework Convention on Climate Change, The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, and the Uruguay Round Trade Agreement. Based on untapped primary sources including archival documents detailing how negotiations transpired, official records of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, a series of interviews with former Indian negotiators, and newspaper sources, Does India Negotiate? demonstrates that India’s multilateral behaviour is fundamentally strategic—working to shape and ratify international rules that advance core interests while resisting rules that harm those interests.
Tobacco use represents a critical global health challenge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco kills nearly 6 million people a year, with the toll expected to rise to 8 million annually over the next two decades. Written by health and
This book investigates the neglected question of the impact of a rising Asia on the management of transboundary health problems. The chapters examine the role played by Asia in the governance of a range of global health issues and are tied together by a common focus on Asian countries' use of the sovereignty principle. In addition, the contributors examine the interaction between global, regional and domestic institutions, and present current ideas in Asia on the challenge of governing global health.
Podejmowane od około 2001 r. próby pociągnięcia do odpowiedzialności międzynarodowych producentów tytoniu za wyroby tytoniowe pochodzące z ich łańcuchów dostaw doprowadziły do zawarcia umów o współpracy z Unią Europejską (UE) i jej państwami członkowskimi. Porozumienia te przyczyniły się do znacznego ograniczenia nielegalnego handlu produktami tytoniowymi w Europie. Dynamika rynku spowodowała jednak zastąpienie produktów tych producentów podobnymi – nielegalnymi wyrobami. W swojej monografii dr Marina Foltea poddała analizie rolę, jaką odegrały porozumienia branżowe w zwalczaniu nielegalnego handlu w UE, jak wygląda rzeczywistość po zawarciu umowy oraz jaka jest i jaka może być w przyszłości rola pozostałych lub podobnych umów na poziomie UE lub państw członkowskich. Wskazując na korzyści dla stron czterech umów branżowych (z Philip Morris International Inc. (PMI) z 9 lipca 2004 r.; z Japan Tobacco International (JTI) z 14 grudnia 2007 r.; z British American Tobacco Holdings (BAT) z 15 lipca 2010 r.; oraz z Imperial Tobacco Limited (ITL) z 27 września 2010 r.), autorka wskazała na ich krytykę oraz ocenę techniczną Komisji Europejskiej. Ramowa konwencja WHO o ograniczeniu użycia tytoniu (FCTC) – zwłaszcza art. 5.3 – i jej późniejszy protokół w sprawie nielegalnego handlu (ITP) miały znaczący wpływ na rozwój współpracy UE i państw członkowskich z legalnym przemysłem tytoniowym. Pojawienie się szeregu nowych instrumentów zwalczania nielegalnego handlu, wymusił przegląd zawartych umów z producentami branży tytoniowej. Dalsze działania zostały określone w unijnej dyrektywie w sprawie wyrobów tytoniowych z 2014 r. Zmiany te rodzą istotne pytania dotyczące dalszych działań: Jaka jest historia i jakie wnioski wyciąga się z umów branżowych? Czy ich korzyści są w pełni uwzględnione w TPD 2014? Czy nadal istnieje możliwość współpracy z legalnym przemysłem tytoniowym i jakie wyzwania należy pokonać w tym obszarze? Analizując obecne trendy dotyczące nielegalnego handlu wyrobami tytoniowymi w Unii Europejskiej, dr Foltea sformułowała zalecenia dotyczące optymalnych relacji między UE a podmiotami z branży przemysłu tytoniowego.
This book contains the guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties. These seven guidelines cover a wide range of provisions of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, such as: the protection of public health policies with respect to tobacco control from commercial and other vested interests of the tobacco industry; protection from exposure to tobacco smoke; packaging and labelling of tobacco products; and tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation. These guidelines are intended to help Parties to meet their obligations under the respective provisions of the Convention. They reflect the consolidated views of Parties on different aspects of implementation, their experiences and achievements, and the challenges faced. The guidelines also aim to reflect and promote best practices and standards that governments would benefit from in the treaty-implementation process.
The idea for this handbook arose from an awareness that whilst various WHO documents called for developing national capacity for tobacco control, there was not comprehensive guide to the development of such a capacity. This book is thus, essentially, a pragmatic "how to" manual. The Introduction presents the evolving definition of "national capacity", identifies the types of capacities needed for effective tobacco control and outlines the key features of building capacity. Section 1 provides a descriptive overview of the tobacco epidemic. It looks at tobacco as a risk factor, presenting its health, social and economic costs; the global strategies of the tobacco industry to counteract public health measures; the scientific evidence for effective tobacco control interventions; and the WHO FCTC as a global solution to an epidemic with prominent politico-legal and socio-cultural attributes. Section 2 focuses on the fundamental capacities necessary to empower countries to control the tobacco epidemic successfully. These chapters apply the lessons learned from the experiences of different countries and offer advice and suggestions to enable countries to put the theories of tobacco control into practice.
This book examines pathways for how to reinvigorate the United Nations, in light of recent crises. The United Nations requires reinvigoration. The organisation’s supply of global governance falls short of global demand in areas ranging from health to environment, while intra-state armed conflicts are on the rise again, and fullblown inter-state war has returned to the agenda. At the same time, decision-making mechanisms are deadlocked, and their legitimacy is increasingly questioned. But what pathways are there for reinvigorating the United Nations? This book argues for consolidating key principles pertaining to inter-state relations and human rights, for elaborating on the UN system in order to avoid fragmentation and make it possible for it to keep pace with a changing world, and for revisiting UN decision-making structures so that it can become more inclusive and rebuild trust among stakeholders. The volume embraces a comprehensive approach to studying the organisation, and the authors analyse the institutions comprising the UN system, as well as the social context within which actors put these institutions to use. The book contributes to scholarly debates about the United Nations and about how it is embedded in a broader international order currently beset by crises and, ultimately, aims to show what concrete steps for strengthening the organisation might look like. This book will be of much interest to students of international organisations, diplomacy studies, global governance, and International Relations in general. The Introduction, Chapter 5, Chapter 10 and the Conclusion of this book is available for free in PDF format as Open Access from the individual product page at www.routledge.com. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. Chapter 7 of this book is available for free in PDF format as Open Access from the individual product page at www.routledge.com. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License.
"The continued success in global tobacco control is detailed in this year’s WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2013. The fourth in the series, this year’s report presents the status of the MPOWER measures, with country-specific data updated and aggregated through 2012. In addition, the report provides a special focus on legislation to ban tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) in WHO Member States and an in-depth analyses of TAPS bans were performed, allowing for a more detailed understanding of progress and future challenges in this area."--Website summary.
