The Science of Photomedicine
The Science of Photomedicine

Author: J.D. Regan

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 662

ISBN-13: 1468483129

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Although the history of photomedicine dates back thousands of years, with even preliterate cultures appreciating the healing properties of sunlight, for many workers in the discipline photomedicine is associated with the observation about 100 years ago of Niels Finsen, a Danish physician. Finsen recognized that people with tuberculosis who lived in Norway and who had very little exposure to sunlight often developed facial lesions (lupus vulgaris) which would decrease and sometimes disappear during the summer months. This very observant physician reasoned that artificial light ought to produce the same effect as sunlight and began utilizing the radiation from the newly available carbon arc. At first, he used a glass lens to concentrate the radiation, but since this produced considerable burning, he replaced this with a hollow glass lens filled with water. However, while this reduced the heat burns, it did not actually duplicate the effect of direct sunlight. Finally, using a hollow lens filled with water but equipped with quartz windows, Finsen was able to imitate, even improve upon, the effect of sunlight. As a result, lupus vulgaris was practically eliminated from the Scandinavian countries.

Journal
Journal

Author: National Cancer Institute (U.S.)

Publisher:

Published: 1971

Total Pages: 736

ISBN-13:

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics
Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics

Author: Peter W. Hawkes

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2004-12-18

Total Pages: 605

ISBN-13: 0080490107

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

* A special volume devoted principally to therole of the late Sir Charles Oatley in the development of the scanning electron microscopeings* It contains historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory * Emphasizes broad and in depth article collaborations between world-renowned scientists in the field of image and electron physicsAlthough the scanning electron microscope had a prehistory in Germany and the USA, its real champion was Charles Oatley, who launched his projectin the Cambridge University Engineering Department shortly after the end of World War II. A first microscope was built successfully by D. McMullan, oneof the Guest Editors of this volume and a succession of progressively improved instruments followed. One in particular, built by K.C.A. Smith was commissioned specially for the Canadian Pulp and Paper Research Institute for use in their Montreal laboratories. All these efforts culminated in the commercial model built by the Cambridge Instrument Company and marketed in 1965 under the trade name, Stereoscan.Although this story has been told on several occasions, in particular in these Advances, it seemed appropriate, in the centenary year of the birth of Sir Charles Oatley, that more details should be published to celebrate these achievements. This volume is the result. It contains not only historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory but also full or partial reproductions of many of the key publications, beginning with McMullan's early paper of 1953 and including Oatley's own "Early history of the scanning electron microscope" (1982). A website has been created, in which supplementary material is collected.This volume is a tribute to a bold pioneering scientist and a vivid record of the creation of the first commercial scanning electron microscopes and of subsequent developments. * A special volume devoted principally to therole of the late Sir Charles Oatley in the development of the scanning electron microscopeings* It contains historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory* Emphasizes broad and in depth article collaborations between world-renowned scientists in the field of image and electron physics

Laser Plasmas and Nuclear Energy
Laser Plasmas and Nuclear Energy

Author: Heinrich Hora

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 449

ISBN-13: 1468420852

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Most of this book was written before October 1973. Thus the statements concerning the energy crisis are now dated, but remain valid nevertheless. However, the term "energy crisis" is no longer the unusual new concept it was when the material was written; it is, rather, a commonplace expression for a condition with which we are all only too familiar. The purpose of this book is to point out that the science and technology of laser-induced nuclear fusion are an extraordinary subject, which in some way not yet completely clear can solve the problem of gaining a pollution-free and really inexhaustible supply of inexpensive energy from the heavy hydrogen (deuterium) atoms found in all terrestrial waters. The concept is very obvious and very simple: To heat solid deuterium or mixtures of deuterium and tritium (superheavy hydrogen) by laser pulses so rapidly that despite the resulting expansion and cooling there still take place so many nuclear fusion reactions tnat the energy produced is greater than the laser energy that had to be applied. Compression of the plasma by the laser radiation itself is a more sophisticated refinement of the process, but one which at the present stage of laser cechnology is needed for the rapid realization of a laser-fusion reactor for power generation. This concept of compression can also be applied to the development of completely safe reactors with controlled microexplosions of laser-compressed fissionable materials such as uranium and even boron, which fission completely safely into nonradioactive helium atoms.

Laser Applications in Medicine and Biology
Laser Applications in Medicine and Biology

Author: Myron Wolbarsht

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-06-29

Total Pages: 420

ISBN-13: 1461573238

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

In the intervening years since the publication of Volume I, the develop ment of new uses for the various types of lasers has proceeded at a rate more rapid than even the most fanciful dreamers envisioned. Of course, the main effort has been on the laser itself-new wavelengths, shorter and longer time domains for pulses, increases in power, and, most important, greater reliability. In its first stage the laser was described as a solution in search of a problem. The production of holograms was one problem whose solution seemed to involve large number of lasers. However that proposal had its own difficulties, for the hologram itself was described as a solution searching for a problem. But all of that now is a chapter from ancient history . On the current scene the laser is used in industrial pro duction lines, as a classroom item at all levels of education, and in com mercial usage such that the public is generally exposed to the laser devices themselves. Trial runs have been made, e. g. , of laser-based supermarket checkout devices and as commercial exploitation of this item begins, cer tainly many more similar adaptations will follow. However, the shift in emphasis from research usage of lasers to de velopment and production has been relative rather than absolute. The use of the laser in research has not lessened; rather it has grown at as fast a pace. Yet a similar trend is seen there also.