Track Design Handbook for Light Rail Transit
Track Design Handbook for Light Rail Transit

Author:

Publisher: Transportation Research Board

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 695

ISBN-13: 0309258243

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TCRP report 155 provides guidelines and descriptions for the design of various common types of light rail transit (LRT) track. The track structure types include ballasted track, direct fixation ("ballastless") track, and embedded track. The report considers the characteristics and interfaces of vehicle wheels and rail, tracks and wheel gauges, rail sections, alignments, speeds, and track moduli. The report includes chapters on vehicles, alignment, track structures, track components, special track work, aerial structures/bridges, corrosion control, noise and vibration, signals, traction power, and the integration of LRT track into urban streets.

Writing in a Bilingual Program
Writing in a Bilingual Program

Author: Carole Edelsky

Publisher: Praeger

Published: 1986

Total Pages: 264

ISBN-13:

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A year-long study of the writing development of 27 first through third graders in an English/Spanish bilingual program was conducted during the 1980-81 school year. Samples of the children's writing were collected at four intervals, coded for computer tallying, and analyzed in terms of code-switching, spelling, punctuation and segmentation, structural features, stylistic devices, and content. Additionally, the context in which the writing developed was evaluated by classroom observations, teacher interviews, review of familial backgrounds, and a survey of the community language situation. Myths about bilingual language proficiency, biliteracy, bilingual education, teaching writing, and learning to write are all countered by evidence presented in this study. In a discussion of implications, the concept of a whole language approach to writing instruction is supported, in which authentic and functional texts are offered to and produced by children. Examples of the children's writing with appropriate translations are given along with various tables. Informal follow-up information is presented in three epilogues dealing with changes in the researcher's commitment to the study's original writing theories, the writing of some students a year after the study; and a chronological outline of the demise of the bilingual program used in the study. Appendices list interview questions used for teachers and aides and categories for coding the writing data. This book contains 134 references. (ALL)

Reading Fluency
Reading Fluency

Author: Timothy Rasinski

Publisher: MDPI

Published: 2021-01-21

Total Pages: 146

ISBN-13: 3039432680

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Reading fluency has been identified as a key component of proficient reading. Research has consistently demonstrated significant and substantial correlations between reading fluency and overall reading achievement. Despite the great potential for fluency to have a significant outcome on students’ reading achievement, it continues to be not well understood by teachers, school administrators and policy makers. The chapters in this volume examine reading fluency from a variety of perspectives. The initial chapter sketches the history of fluency as a literacy instruction component. Following chapters examine recent studies and approaches to reading fluency, followed by chapters that explore actual fluency instruction models and the impact of fluency instruction. Assessment of reading fluency is critical for monitoring progress and identifying students in need of intervention. Two articles on assessment, one focused on word recognition and the other on prosody, expand our understanding of fluency measurement. Finally, a study from Turkey explores the relationship of various reading competencies, including fluency, in an integrated model of reading. Our hope for this volume is that it may spark a renewed interest in research into reading fluency and fluency instruction and move toward making fluency instruction an even more integral part of all literacy instruction.

Word Morphology and Written Language Acquisition: Insights from Typical and Atypical Development in Different Orthographies
Word Morphology and Written Language Acquisition: Insights from Typical and Atypical Development in Different Orthographies

Author: Lynne G. Duncan

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2019-06-05

Total Pages: 186

ISBN-13: 2889458326

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This Research Topic explores the processing of morphemes, the smallest units of language that bear meaning and that combine to form more complex words. The articles gathered under this Research Topic investigate typical and atypical morphological processing by children and adolescents in ten different languages. These articles provide cross-linguistic and cross-script evidence of the early sensitivity of children to the morphemic structure of words, irrespective of whether they are struggling readers or typically developing. All in all, the collection allows for a better understanding of how morphological processing skills develop, providing valuable clues as to how this competence can be used as a tool to improve literacy acquisition in struggling readers.

South and Southeast Asian Psycholinguistics
South and Southeast Asian Psycholinguistics

Author: Heather Winskel

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 491

ISBN-13: 1107017769

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This groundbreaking volume explores the languages of South and Southeast Asia, which differ significantly from Indo-European languages in their grammar, lexicon and spoken forms. This book raises new questions in psycholinguistics and enables readers to re-evaluate previous models in light of new research.

Educating English Language Learners
Educating English Language Learners

Author: Fred Genesee

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2006-01-16

Total Pages: 10

ISBN-13: 1139448986

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The book provides a review of scientific research on the learning outcomes of students with limited or no proficiency in English in U.S. schools. Research on students in kindergarten to grade 12 is reviewed. The primary chapters of the book focus on these students' acquisition of oral language skills in English, their development of literacy (reading & writing) skills in English, instructional issues in teaching literacy, and achievement in academic domains (i.e., mathematics, science, and reading). The reviews and analyses of the research are relatively technical with a focus on research quality, design characteristics, and statistical analyses. The book provides a set of summary tables that give details about each study, including full references, characteristics of the students in the research, assessment tools and procedures, and results. A concluding chapter summarizes the major issues discussed and makes recommendations about particular areas that need further research.

Computer Applications in Instruction
Computer Applications in Instruction

Author: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory

Publisher:

Published: 1978

Total Pages: 224

ISBN-13:

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Intended for upper elementary and secondary teachers in all subject areas, this guide provides practical advice on determining the appropriate application of computer technology and on the selection of specific, subject-related computer-based instruction units. Under the heading of hardware and software, topics discussed include communicating with a computer, computer size, getting and using user's programs, translators and programming languages, and the elements of a program. The computer is analyzed in terms of its uses as instructor, laboratory, calculator, object of instruction, and instructor's aide. The selection of computer-based instructional units is described from the beginning of the selection process through final decision making. Individual papers then focus on uses of the computer in the following specific areas: art education, business education, instruction for the deaf and hard of hearing, elementary school, language arts, mathematics curriculum and instruction, music education, physical education, secondary science, natural science, and the social sciences. "Keys to Recognizing General Purpose Languages," and some primary sources of computer-based instructional units, are appended. (LMM)

Kids Come in All Languages
Kids Come in All Languages

Author: Pritchard Spangenberg-Urbschat

Publisher: Newark, Del. : International Reading Association

Published: 1994

Total Pages: 231

ISBN-13: 9780872073951

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Intended to help students from language-minority backgrounds develop literacy in English, this book identifies and answers the major questions surrounding reading instruction for English as a second language (ESL) students. Specifically, the book reviews and synthesizes what is known about background issues related to the education of ESL students; provides specific suggestions to teachers and administrators for organizing for instruction and enhancing student learning; and gives concrete examples of practical ways in which teachers can develop and implement authentic, meaning-centered instructional activities. Chapters in the book are (1) "Demographic Overview: Changes in Student Enrollment in American Schools" (Julia Lara); (2) "Multiculturation: An Educational Model for a Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Society" (Carlos E. Cortes); (3) "The Acquisition of English as a Second Language" (Jim Cummins); (4) "Self-Esteem: Access to Literacy in Multicultural and Multilingual Classrooms" (Bess Altwerger and Bonnie Lee Ivener); (5) "Instructional Approaches and Teaching Procedures" (Anna Uhl Chamot and J. Michael O'Malley); (6) "Selecting Materials for the Reading Instruction of ESL Children" (Virginia Garibaldi Allen); (7) "Comprehending through Reading and Writing: Six Research-Based Instructional Strategies" (Nancy Farnan and others); (8) "Language, Literacy, and Content Instruction: Strategies for Teachers" (Alfredo Schifini); and (9) "Assessing the Literacy Development of Second-Language Students: A Focus on Authentic Assessment" (Georgia Earnest Garcia). "The ESL Student: Reflections on the Present, Concerns for the Future (Eleanor Wall Thonis) concludes the book. Author and subject indexes are attached. (RS)

Genesis Of A Music
Genesis Of A Music

Author: Harry Partch

Publisher: Da Capo Press

Published: 1979-08-22

Total Pages: 544

ISBN-13: 9780306801068

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Among the few truly experimental composers in our cultural history, Harry Partch's life (1901–1974) and music embody most completely the quintessential American rootlessness, isolation, pre-civilized cult of experience, and dichotomy of practical invention and transcendental visions. Having lived mostly in the remote deserts of Arizona and New Mexico with no access to formal training, Partch naturally created theatrical ritualistic works incorporating Indian chants, Japanese kabuki and Noh, Polynesian microtones, Balinese gamelan, Greek tragedy, dance, mime, and sardonic commentary on Hollywood and commercial pop music of modern civilization. First published in 1949, Genesis of a Music is the manifesto of Partch's radical compositional practice and instruments (which owe nothing to the 300-year-old European tradition of Western music.) He contrasts Abstract and Corporeal music, proclaiming the latter as the vital, emotionally tactile form derived from the spoken word (like Greek, Chinese, Arabic, and Indian musics) and surveys the history of world music at length from this perspective. Parts II, III, and IV explain Partch's theories of scales, intonation, and instrument construction with copious acoustical and mathematical documentation. Anyone with a musically creative attitude, whether or not familiar with traditional music theory, will find this book revelatory.