Pulsed Neutron Measurement of Single and Two-phase Liquid Flow
Pulsed Neutron Measurement of Single and Two-phase Liquid Flow

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1978

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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Use of radioactive tracers for flow velocity measurements is well developed and documented. Measurement techniques involving pulsed sources of fast (14 MeV) neutrons for in-situ production of tracers can be considered as extensions of the old methods. Improvements offered by these Pulsed Neutron Activation (PNA) techniques over conventional radioisotope techniques are (1) non-intrusion into the system, (2) easier introduction and better mixing of the tracer, and (3) no requirement to handle large amounts of relatively long lived radioactive materials. Just as in conventional tracer techniques, flow velocity measurements by PNA methods can be based on the transit-time or the total-count method. A very significant difference of the PNA technique from conventional methods is that the induced activity is proportional to the density of the fluid, and that PNA techniques can be used for density measurements (of two-phase flows) in addition to flow velocity measurement. Original equations were derived that relate experimental data to the mass flow velocity and the average density. The accuracy of these equations is not effected by the flow regime. Experimental results are presented for tests performed on liquid sodium loops, on air--water loops, on the EBR-II reactor and on the LOFT reactor. Current instrumentation development programs (detectors, pulsed neutron sources) are discussed.

Measuring Techniques in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows
Measuring Techniques in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows

Author: J.M. Delhaye

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 756

ISBN-13: 364282112X

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A IUTAM symposium on "Measuring Techniques in Gas-Liquid Two Phase Flows" was held on July 5-8, 1983 in Nancy, France. This topic in cluded instrumentation for steam-water and liquid-vapor flows but strictly excluded measuring techniques for gas or liquid flows with solid particles. The top priority in the paper selection was given to presentations of new methods which had been substantiated by theoretical modeling, calibration tests and comparison tests with other techniques. Examples of experimental resul ts obtained with the proposed instrumentation had to be displayed. However the interpretation of these results in terms of two-phase flow or heat transfer modeling did not fall wi thin the scope of the meeting. Thirty four papers were presented during the Symposium and 79 participants coming from Canada, European countries, Japan and the United States attended the sessions. They represented not only Universities but also state agencies and private companies. After the meeting each paper was peer-reviewed by at least three referees. The Editors of this Procee dings Volume are pleased to extend their deep gratitude to the following reviewers: J.L. Achard, R.J. Adrian, B. Azzopardi, J.A. Boure, G. Costigan, M. Courtaud, A.E. Dukler, F. Durst, J.R. Fincke, G. Gouesbet, P. Griffith, T.J. Hanratty, A. Hawighorst, T.R. Heidrick, G. Hetsroni, Y.Y. Hsu, M.

Two-phase Flow Measurement by Pulsed Neutron Activation Techniques
Two-phase Flow Measurement by Pulsed Neutron Activation Techniques

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1978

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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The Pulsed Neutron Activation (PNA) technique for measuring the mass flow velocity and the average density of two-phase mixtures is described. PNA equipment can be easily installed at different loops, and PNA techniques are non-intrusive and independent of flow regimes. These features of the PNA technique make it suitable for in-situ measurement of two-phase flows, and for calibration of more conventional two-phase flow measurement devices. Analytic relations governing the various PNA methods are derived. The equipment and procedures used in the first air-water flow measurement by PNA techniques are discussed, and recommendations are made for improvement of future tests. In the present test, the mass flow velocity was determined with an accuracy of 2 percent, and average densities were measured down to 0.08 g/cm3 with an accuracy of 0.04 g/cm3. Both the accuracy of the mass flow velocity measurement and the lower limit of the density measurement are functions of the injected activity and of the total number of counts. By using a stronger neutron source and a larger number of detectors, the measurable density can be decreased by a factor of 12 to .007 g/cm3 for 12.5 cm pipes, and to even lower ranges for larger pipes.

Pulsed Neutron Activation Calibration Technique
Pulsed Neutron Activation Calibration Technique

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1979

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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A pulsed neutron activation (PNA) for measurement of two-phase flow consists of a pulsed source of fast neutron to activate the oxygen in a steam-water mixture. Flow is measured downstream by an NaI detector. Measured counts are sorted by a multiscaler into different time channels. A counts vs. time distribution typical for two-phase flow with slip between the two phases is obtained. Proper evaluation for the counts/time distribution leads to flow-regime independent equations for the average of the inverse transil time and the average density. After calculation of the average mass flow velocity, the true mass flow is derived. (FS).

NUREG/CR.
NUREG/CR.

Author: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Publisher:

Published: 1979

Total Pages: 100

ISBN-13:

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Handbook of Electrostatic Processes
Handbook of Electrostatic Processes

Author: Jen-Shih Chang

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2018-12-14

Total Pages: 780

ISBN-13: 1482277662

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"Provides detailed, comprehensive descriptions of electrostatic processes as well as their applications in areas such as rheology, atomization and spraying, industrial dust particle precipitation and filtering, biomedical engineering, gas treatments, atmospheric electricity, chemical reactors, and electronic devices. Summarizes electrostatic fundamentals and electrical phenomena in solids and fluids."

Handbook on Radiation Probing, Gauging, Imaging and Analysis
Handbook on Radiation Probing, Gauging, Imaging and Analysis

Author: E.M. Hussein

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2006-05-05

Total Pages: 515

ISBN-13: 030648403X

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The need for this book arose from my teaching, engineering, and - search experience in the non-power aspects of nuclear technology. The lack of a comprehensive textbook in industrial applications of radiation frustrated my students, who had to resort to a multitude of textbooks and research publications to familiarize themselves with the fundam- tal and practical aspects of radiation technology. As an engineer, I had to acquire the design aspects of radiation devices by trial-and-error, and often by accidental reading of a precious publication. As a researcher and a supervisor of graduate students, I found that the needed literature was either hard to find, or too scattered and diverse. More than once, I discovered that what appeared to be an exciting new idea was an old concept that was tried a few decades earlier during the golden era of “Atom for Peace”. I am hoping, therefore, that this book will serve as a single comprehensive reference source in a growing field that I expect will continue to expand. This book is directed to both neophytes and experts, and is written to combine the old and the new, the basic and the advanced, the simple and the complex. It is anticipated that this book will be of help in - viving older concepts, improving and expanding existing techniques and promoting the development of new ones.