Pittsburgh Surveyed
Pittsburgh Surveyed

Author: Maurine Greenwald

Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre

Published: 1996-10-15

Total Pages: 340

ISBN-13: 9780822971757

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At the beginning of the century, Pittsburgh was the center of one of the nation's most powerful industries: iron and steel. It was also the site of an unprecedented effort to study the effects of industry on one American city. The Pittsburgh Survey (1909-1914) brought together statisticians, social workers, engineers, lawyers, physicians, economists, labor investigators, city planners, and photographers. They documented Pittsburgh's degraded environment, corrupt civic institutions, and exploited labor force and made a compelling case - in four books and two collections of articles - for reforming corporate capitolism.In its literary history and visual power, breadth, and depth, the Pittsburgh Survey remains an undisputed classis of social science research. Like the Lynds' Middletown studies of the 1920s, the Survey captured the nation's attention, and Pittsburgh came to symbolize the problems and way of life of industrial America as a whole.A landmark volume in its own right, this book of thirteen essays examines the accuracy and impact of the Pittsburgh Survey, both on social science as a discipline and on Pittsburgh itself. It also places the Survey firmly in the context of the social reform movement of the early twentieth century.

Paper Cities
Paper Cities

Author: Susana S. Martins

Publisher: Leuven University Press

Published: 2016-04-21

Total Pages: 239

ISBN-13: 9462700583

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Thought-provoking case studies on cities, photographs and booksPhotographic books are almost as old as photography itself, and the city is one of their first and more recurring themes. Cities have been, and they continue to be, intensely photographed under a wide variety of forms, materialities, intentions and genres. This volume examines how a city can be moulded through the particularities of a photographic book, suggesting how urban portraits configure an overlooked, yet quite specific, photo-textual practice. Ranging from early photography to contemporary works, Paper Cities gathers thought-provoking case studies from several international contexts, providing new insights into art, material culture, history, heritage and memory, while simultaneously illuminating the debate on cities, photographs and books. Contributors: Steven Jacobs (Ghent University), Simon Dell (University of East Anglia), Hugh Campbell (University College Dublin), Steven Humblet (LUCA School of Arts), Chris Balaschak (Flagler College), Annarita Teodosio (University of Salerno), Cecile Laly (Université Paris I), Mónica Pacheco (University College London), Douglas Klahr (University of Texas), Johanna M. Blokker (Bamberg University), Philip Goldswain (University of Western Australia).

Poverty Knowledge
Poverty Knowledge

Author: Alice O'Connor

Publisher: Princeton University Press

Published: 2009-01-10

Total Pages: 391

ISBN-13: 1400824745

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Progressive-era "poverty warriors" cast poverty in America as a problem of unemployment, low wages, labor exploitation, and political disfranchisement. In the 1990s, policy specialists made "dependency" the issue and crafted incentives to get people off welfare. Poverty Knowledge gives the first comprehensive historical account of the thinking behind these very different views of "the poverty problem," in a century-spanning inquiry into the politics, institutions, ideologies, and social science that shaped poverty research and policy. Alice O'Connor chronicles a transformation in the study of poverty, from a reform-minded inquiry into the political economy of industrial capitalism to a detached, highly technical analysis of the demographic and behavioral characteristics of the poor. Along the way, she uncovers the origins of several controversial concepts, including the "culture of poverty" and the "underclass." She shows how such notions emerged not only from trends within the social sciences, but from the central preoccupations of twentieth-century American liberalism: economic growth, the Cold War against communism, the changing fortunes of the welfare state, and the enduring racial divide. The book details important changes in the politics and organization as well as the substance of poverty knowledge. Tracing the genesis of a still-thriving poverty research industry from its roots in the War on Poverty, it demonstrates how research agendas were subsequently influenced by an emerging obsession with welfare reform. Over the course of the twentieth century, O'Connor shows, the study of poverty became more about altering individual behavior and less about addressing structural inequality. The consequences of this steady narrowing of focus came to the fore in the 1990s, when the nation's leading poverty experts helped to end "welfare as we know it." O'Connor shows just how far they had traveled from their field's original aims.

American Abyss
American Abyss

Author: Daniel E. Bender

Publisher: Cornell University Press

Published: 2011-02-23

Total Pages: 343

ISBN-13: 0801457130

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At the beginning of the twentieth century, industrialization both dramatically altered everyday experiences and shaped debates about the effects of immigration, empire, and urbanization. In American Abyss, Daniel E. Bender examines an array of sources—eugenics theories, scientific studies of climate, socialist theory, and even popular novels about cavemen—to show how intellectuals and activists came to understand industrialization in racial and gendered terms as the product of evolution and as the highest expression of civilization.Their discussions, he notes, are echoed today by the use of such terms as the "developed" and "developing" worlds. American industry was contrasted with the supposed savagery and primitivism discovered in tropical colonies, but observers who made those claims worried that industrialization, by encouraging immigration, child and women's labor, and large families, was reversing natural selection. Factories appeared to favor the most unfit. There was a disturbing tendency for such expressions of fear to favor eugenicist "remedies."Bender delves deeply into the culture and politics of the age of industry. Linking urban slum tourism and imperial science with immigrant better-baby contests and hoboes, American Abyss uncovers the complex interactions of turn-of-the-century ideas about race, class, gender, and ethnicity. Moreover, at a time when immigration again lies at the center of American economy and society, this book offers an alarming and pointed historical perspective on contemporary fears of immigrant laborers.

Reinventing "The People"
Reinventing

Author: Shelton Stromquist

Publisher: University of Illinois Press

Published: 2006-01-04

Total Pages: 306

ISBN-13: 0252030265

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In this much needed comprehensive study of the Progressivemovement, its reformers, their ideology, and the social circumstancesthey tried to change, Shelton Stromquist contends that the persistenceof class conflict in America challenged the very defining feature ofProgressivism: its promise of social harmony through democraticrenewal. Profiling the movement's work in diverse arenas of socialreform, politics, labour regulation and race improvement, Stromquistargues that while progressive reformers may have emphasized differentprograms, they crafted a common language of social reconciliation inwhich an imagined civic community (the People) would transcendparochial class and political loyalties.