This book contains papers by leading physicists on developments in high energy physics, string theory and cosmology. Topics covered include recent results from accelerator and non-accelerator experiments, CP-violation, neutrino physics, precision tests of the Standard Model, quantum gravity and two-dimensional gravity, superstring theory and superstring phenomenology, relativistic astrophysics and cosmology.
CP violation is one of the most subtle effects in the Standard Model of particle physics and may be the first clue to the physics that lies beyond. Charge conjugation, C, and parity, P, are symmetries of particle interactions. C corresponds to the operation of replacing a particle by its antiparticle, while P is the operation of mirror reflection. Before 1956, it was believed that these were also symmetries of the interactions of elementary particles. In 1956, C S Wu found evidence for P violation in the weak interaction. Theorists proposed that the combination of CP would be a symmetry of the weak interaction. In 1964, Christenson, Cronin, Fitch and Turlay found the first evidence for the violation of CP symmetry in the decays of kaons.Although Kobayashi and Maskawa then showed how the Standard Model can accommodate the observed CP violation, Wolfenstein pointed out that it is also possible that there is a new interaction in addition to the usual four, called the superweak interaction, which is responsible for the asymmetry. To test this idea, the observation of a different type of asymmetry, called direct CP violation, is required; in the kaon sector, very precise measurements of the ratio of kaon decay rates are necessary. In B decay modes where a second order weak process whimisically named “penguin” interferes with another suppressed, first order “tree” amplitude, it may also be possible to observe these direct CP-violating effects.B physics and CP violation is now one of the major growth areas in high energy physics. Nearly every major high energy physics laboratory now has a project underway to observe the large CP asymmetries expected in the B sector and to test the consistency of the Standard Model. The unitarity of the Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing matrix in the Standard Model implies the existence of three phases, called alpha, beta and gamma, which can be determined by the measurements of CP asymmetries in B decays. About 200 participants gathered in Hawaii in March 1997 to discuss the progress in the field, and this important book constitutes the proceedings of that conference.
The 1997 International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics was held at the campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and at the Jerusalem Renaissance Hotel, from August 19th to August 25th, 1997. This was the first time that the European Physical Society had its High Energy Physics Conference outside the boundary of Europe. A total of 550 physicists participated in the conference with a total of 250 presentations in the parallel sessions and 26 presentations in the plenary sessions. The Board of the of the High Energy and Particle Physics division (HEPP) of the EPS acted as the Scientific Organizing Committee. The Board acknowl edges the help of the International Advisory Committee as well as that of the Local Organizing Committee. The conference was co-organized by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and by the Weizmann Institute of Science, with important help by physi cists from the Israeli Institute of Technology (Technion) and the Tel Aviv University.
String theory is a model of fundamental physics whose building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects called strings, rather than the zero-dimensional point particles that form the basis for the standard model of particle physics. The phrase is often used as shorthand for Superstring theory, as well as related theories such as M-theory. By replacing the point-like particles with strings, an apparently consistent quantum theory of gravity emerges. Moreover, it may be possible to 'unify' the known natural forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear and strong nuclear) by describing them with the same set of equations. Studies of string theory have revealed that it predicts higher-dimensional objects called branes. String theory strongly suggests the existence of ten or eleven (in M-theory) space-time dimensions, as opposed to the usual four (three spatial and one temporal) used in relativity theory.
The PASCOS (International Symposium on Particles, Strings and Cosmology) series brings together the leading experts and most active young researchers in the closely related fields of elementary particle physics, string theory and cosmology/astrophysics. These areas of research have become increasingly intertwined in recent years, each having direct impact on the others. In particular, there has been a dramatic expansion of ideas from particle theory and string theory that have vast impact on cosmology, especially our picture of the early universe and its evolution. Correspondingly, the proliferation of data regarding the early universe, and its increasing precision, has begun to strongly constrain the theoretical models. Meanwhile, observations of neutrino oscillations and cosmic ray excesses, and limits on new physics from colliders and other particle experiments, as well as the resulting restrictions on theoretical and phenomenological modeling, are becoming ever stronger. During PASCOS99, it became clear that the long-awaited era of convergence of these fields is truly at hand.The proceedings of PASCOS 99 reflect the accelerating overlap and convergence of the fields of elementary particles physics, string theory and cosmology/astrophysics. Plenary reviews by leading figures in these fields provide perspectives on these interrelationships and up-to-the-minute summaries of recent progress in the various areas. Parallel talk summaries focus on many of the topics within each field of greatest current interest and activity. Both the plenary and parallel writeups are designed to be descriptive in nature and avoid being overly technical. As a result, the volume can serve as a useful reference for students and professionals in all three fields. Careful referencing allows further pursuit of a given topic. Overall, the proceedings are unique in that they not only bring together in a single volume comprehensive overview of the great progress being made in all three of these very exciting fields, but also provide a snapshot of how particles, strings and cosmology are increasingly impacting one another.
This proceedings volume is sixth in the series of international conferences covering the fission, quasi-fission, fusion-fission phenomena and synthesis of superheavy nuclei, mainly at low or near barrier energies. Both experimental and theoretical issues are covered. The topics are discussed by a group of participants, and an overview of the current activities in the field is given.
This is a collection of important papers presented by an international group of outstanding scientists at a seminar on strings and symmetries held in Stony Brook. This volume contains reviews on modern string theory and particle physics, including supersymmetric quantization, supergravity, conformal field theory, topological field theory, string phenomenology, matrix models, and W gravity. This proceedings is both an excellent introduction as well as reference source for researchers.
This book presents the latest results from high energy physics laboratories. The topics discussed include: Cosmology, Heavy Ions, Electroweak, Heavy Flavour Physics and CP Violation/Rare Decays, QCD and Beyond the Standard Model, Planck Scale Physics, Accelerator and Non-Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation.
