On the Minimum Induced Drag of Wings
On the Minimum Induced Drag of Wings

Author: Albion H. Bowers

Publisher: BiblioGov

Published: 2013-06

Total Pages: 36

ISBN-13: 9781289027582

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Of all the types of drag, induced drag is associated with the creation and generation of lift over wings. Induced drag is directly driven by the span load that the aircraft is flying at. The tools by which to calculate and predict induced drag we use were created by Ludwig Prandtl in 1903. Within a decade after Prandtl created a tool for calculating induced drag, Prandtl and his students had optimized the problem to solve the minimum induced drag for a wing of a given span, formalized and written about in 1920. This solution is quoted in textbooks extensively today. Prandtl did not stop with this first solution, and came to a dramatically different solution in 1932. Subsequent development of this 1932 solution solves several aeronautics design difficulties simultaneously, including maximum performance, minimum structure, minimum drag loss due to control input, and solution to adverse yaw without a vertical tail. This presentation lists that solution by Prandtl, and the refinements by Horten, Jones, Kline, Viswanathan, and Whitcomb

Aircraft Aerodynamic Design
Aircraft Aerodynamic Design

Author: András Sóbester

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2014-09-23

Total Pages: 276

ISBN-13: 1118534735

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Optimal aircraft design is impossible without a parametric representation of the geometry of the airframe. We need a mathematical model equipped with a set of controls, or design variables, which generates different candidate airframe shapes in response to changes in the values of these variables. This model's objectives are to be flexible and concise, and capable of yielding a wide range of shapes with a minimum number of design variables. Moreover, the process of converting these variables into aircraft geometries must be robust. Alas, flexibility, conciseness and robustness can seldom be achieved simultaneously. Aircraft Aerodynamic Design: Geometry and Optimization addresses this problem by navigating the subtle trade-offs between the competing objectives of geometry parameterization. It beginswith the fundamentals of geometry-centred aircraft design, followed by a review of the building blocks of computational geometries, the curve and surface formulations at the heart of aircraft geometry. The authors then cover a range of legacy formulations in the build-up towards a discussion of the most flexible shape models used in aerodynamic design (with a focus on lift generating surfaces). The book takes a practical approach and includes MATLAB®, Python and Rhinoceros® code, as well as ‘real-life’ example case studies. Key features: Covers effective geometry parameterization within the context of design optimization Demonstrates how geometry parameterization is an important element of modern aircraft design Includes code and case studies which enable the reader to apply each theoretical concept either as an aid to understanding or as a building block of their own geometry model Accompanied by a website hosting codes Aircraft Aerodynamic Design: Geometry and Optimization is a practical guide for researchers and practitioners in the aerospace industry, and a reference for graduate and undergraduate students in aircraft design and multidisciplinary design optimization.

On the Minimum Induced Drag of Wings -Or- Thinking Outside the Box
On the Minimum Induced Drag of Wings -Or- Thinking Outside the Box

Author: Albion H. Bowers

Publisher: BiblioGov

Published: 2013-06

Total Pages: 34

ISBN-13: 9781289136031

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Of all the types of drag, induced drag is associated with the creation and generation of lift over wings. Induced drag is directly driven by the span load that the aircraft is flying at. The tools by which to calculate and predict induced drag we use were created by Ludwig Prandtl in 1903. Within a decade after Prandtl created a tool for calculating induced drag, Prandtl and his students had optimized the problem to solve the minimum induced drag for a wing of a given span, formalized and written about in 1920. This solution is quoted in textbooks extensively today. Prandtl did not stop with this first solution, and came to a dramatically different solution in 1932. Subsequent development of this 1932 solution solves several aeronautics design difficulties simultaneously, including maximum performance, minimum structure, minimum drag loss due to control input, and solution to adverse yaw without a vertical tail. This presentation lists that solution by Prandtl, and the refinements by Horten, Jones, Kline, Viswanathan, and Whitcomb.

Numerical Aircraft Design Using 3-D Transonic Analysis with Optimization
Numerical Aircraft Design Using 3-D Transonic Analysis with Optimization

Author: Andrew J. Srokowski

Publisher:

Published: 1981

Total Pages: 62

ISBN-13:

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This executive summary volume is divided into two parts: Part 1 highlights the transport development, and Part 2 highlights the fighter development. There are two other volumes which make up the final report. Volume 2 is the main volume in the final report. It presents in detail the information that has been highlighted here. Volume 2 is also divided into two parts with part 1 dealing with transport design and part 2 concerned with the fighter design. Volume 3 is a detailed user's guide to the computer programs produced under this contract. Volume 3 is similarly divided into two parts. A detailed summary of the work performed in the Advanced Transonic Technology (ATT) program to incorporate 3-D Transonic computational aerodynamics methods into aircraft design procedures is presented. Existing transonic analysis programs were modified for the design procedure and linked with a numerical optimization program to design wings that are in some sense optimized for a given set of design conditions. The design procedure was validated by applying it in two design case studies. The application of the design procedure in each of these case studies is described in detail. The configurations resulting from these studies were subjected to design verification wind tunnel testing. Comparisons of test data with computed results are presented.

Recent Development of Aerodynamic Design Methodologies
Recent Development of Aerodynamic Design Methodologies

Author: Kozo Fujii

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-04-17

Total Pages: 228

ISBN-13: 3322899527

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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has made remarkable progress in the last two decades and is becoming an important, if not inevitable, analytical tool for both fundamental and practical fluid dynamics research. The analysis of flow fields is important in the sense that it improves the researcher's understanding of the flow features. CFD analysis also indirectly helps the design of new aircraft and/or spacecraft. However, design methodologies are the real need for the development of aircraft or spacecraft. They directly contribute to the design process and can significantly shorten the design cycle. Although quite a few publications have been written on this subject, most of the methods proposed were not used in practice in the past due to an immature research level and restrictions due to the inadequate computing capabilities. With the progress of high-speed computers, the time has come for such methods to be used practically. There is strong evidence of a growing interest in the development and use of aerodynamic inverse design and optimization techniques. This is true, not only for aerospace industries, but also for any industries requiring fluid dynamic design. This clearly shows the matured engineering need for optimum aerodynamic shape design methodologies. Therefore, it seems timely to publish a book in which eminent researchers in this area can elaborate on their research efforts and discuss it in conjunction with other efforts.

General Aviation Aircraft Design
General Aviation Aircraft Design

Author: Snorri Gudmundsson

Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann

Published: 2021-10-31

Total Pages: 1146

ISBN-13: 0128226471

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General Aviation Aircraft Design, Second Edition, continues to be the engineer’s best source for answers to realistic aircraft design questions. The book has been expanded to provide design guidance for additional classes of aircraft, including seaplanes, biplanes, UAS, high-speed business jets, and electric airplanes. In addition to conventional powerplants, design guidance for battery systems, electric motors, and complete electric powertrains is offered. The second edition contains new chapters: Thrust Modeling for Gas Turbines Longitudinal Stability and Control Lateral and Directional Stability and Control These new chapters offer multiple practical methods to simplify the estimation of stability derivatives and introduce hinge moments and basic control system design. Furthermore, all chapters have been reorganized and feature updated material with additional analysis methods. This edition also provides an introduction to design optimization using a wing optimization as an example for the beginner. Written by an engineer with more than 25 years of design experience, professional engineers, aircraft designers, aerodynamicists, structural analysts, performance analysts, researchers, and aerospace engineering students will value the book as the classic go-to for aircraft design. The printed book is now in color, with 1011 figures and illustrations! Presents the most common methods for conceptual aircraft design Clear presentation splits text into shaded regions, separating engineering topics from mathematical derivations and examples Design topics range from the "new" 14 CFR Part 23 to analysis of ducted fans. All chapters feature updated material with additional analysis methods. Many chapters have been reorganized for further help. Introduction to design optimization is provided using a wing optimization as an example for the beginner Three new chapters are offered, two of which focus on stability and control. These offer multiple practical methods to simplify the estimation of stability derivatives. The chapters introduce hinge moments and basic control system design Real-world examples using aircraft such as the Cirrus SR-22 and Learjet 45

Advanced Aircraft Design
Advanced Aircraft Design

Author: Egbert Torenbeek

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2013-05-28

Total Pages: 412

ISBN-13: 1118568095

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Although the overall appearance of modern airliners has not changed a lot since the introduction of jetliners in the 1950s, their safety, efficiency and environmental friendliness have improved considerably. Main contributors to this have been gas turbine engine technology, advanced materials, computational aerodynamics, advanced structural analysis and on-board systems. Since aircraft design became a highly multidisciplinary activity, the development of multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) has become a popular new discipline. Despite this, the application of MDO during the conceptual design phase is not yet widespread. Advanced Aircraft Design: Conceptual Design, Analysis and Optimization of Subsonic Civil Airplanes presents a quasi-analytical optimization approach based on a concise set of sizing equations. Objectives are aerodynamic efficiency, mission fuel, empty weight and maximum takeoff weight. Independent design variables studied include design cruise altitude, wing area and span and thrust or power loading. Principal features of integrated concepts such as the blended wing and body and highly non-planar wings are also covered. The quasi-analytical approach enables designers to compare the results of high-fidelity MDO optimization with lower-fidelity methods which need far less computational effort. Another advantage to this approach is that it can provide answers to “what if” questions rapidly and with little computational cost. Key features: Presents a new fundamental vision on conceptual airplane design optimization Provides an overview of advanced technologies for propulsion and reducing aerodynamic drag Offers insight into the derivation of design sensitivity information Emphasizes design based on first principles Considers pros and cons of innovative configurations Reconsiders optimum cruise performance at transonic Mach numbers Advanced Aircraft Design: Conceptual Design, Analysis and Optimization of Subsonic Civil Airplanes advances understanding of the initial optimization of civil airplanes and is a must-have reference for aerospace engineering students, applied researchers, aircraft design engineers and analysts.