Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB
Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB

Author: Tiejun J. Xia

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-05-11

Total Pages: 59

ISBN-13: 0128060743

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This chapter provides a global network service provider’s view on the technology development and product commercialization of 100-Gb/s for optical transport networks. Optical channel capacity has been growing over the past four decades to address traffic demand growth and will continue this trend for the foreseeable future to meet the ever-increasing bandwidth requirements. In this chapter, optical channels are re-classified into three basic design types. Commercial 100-Gb/s channel development experienced all three types of channel designs before eventually settling on the single carrier PM-QPSK format with coherent detection, which appears to be the optimal design in the industry. A series of 100-Gb/s channel related field trials were performed in service providers’ networks to validate the technical merits as well as business advantages of this new capacity standard before its deployment. Introduction of the 100-Gb/s channel brings new opportunities to boost fiber capacity, accommodate increases in client interface speed rates, lower transmission latency, simplify network management, and speed up the realization of next generation optical add/drop functions.

Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB
Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB

Author: Polina Bayvel

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-05-11

Total Pages: 71

ISBN-13: 0128060778

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The key question of current optical communications research is: how to maximize both capacity and transmission distance in future optical transmission networks by using spectrally-efficient modulation formats with coherent detection, and how can digital signal processing aid in this quest? There is a clear trade-off between spectral efficiency and transmission distance, since the more spectrally-efficient modulation formats are also more susceptible to optical fiber nonlinearities. This chapter illustrates the application of nonlinear backpropagation to mitigate for both linear and nonlinear transmission impairments for a range of modulation formats, at varying symbol-rates and wavelength spacings, and also by varying the signal bandwidth which is backpropagated. The basics of coherent receiver structure and DSP algorithms for chromatic dispersion compensation, equalization and phase recovery of PDM-BPSK, PS-QPSK, PDM-QPSK, PDM-8PSK, PDM-8QAM, and PDM-16QAM are reviewed and the effectiveness of the nonlinearity compensating DSP based on digital backpropagation is explored. This chapter includes a comprehensive literature review of the key experimental demonstrations of nonlinearity-compensating DSP.

Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB
Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB

Author: Keang-Po Ho

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-05-11

Total Pages: 87

ISBN-13: 0128060832

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Mode coupling is a key to overcoming challenges in mode-division-multiplexed transmission systems in multimode fiber. This chapter provides an in-depth description of mode coupling, including its physical origins, its effect on modal dispersion (MD) and mode-dependent loss or gain (MDL), and the resulting impact on system performance and implementation complexity. Strong mode coupling reduces the group delay spread from MD, minimizing the complexity of digital signal processing used for compensating MD and separating multiplexed signals. Likewise, strong mode coupling reduces the variations of MDL arising from transmission fibers and inline optical amplifiers, maximizing average channel capacity. When combined with MD, strong mode coupling creates frequency diversity, which reduces the probability of outage caused by MDL and enables the outage capacity to approach the average capacity. The statistics of strongly coupled MD and MDL depend only on the number of modes and the variances of MD or MDL, and can be derived from the eigenvalue distributions of certain random matrices.

Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB
Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB

Author: Jian Wang

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-05-11

Total Pages: 74

ISBN-13: 0128060840

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In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive review of multimode communications using OAM. The fundamentals of OAM are introduced first followed by the techniques for OAM generation, multiplexing/demultiplexing, and detection. We then present recent research efforts to free-space communication links and fiber-based transmission links using OAM multiplexing together with optical signal processing using OAM (data exchange, add/drop, multicasting, monitoring, and compensation). Future challenges of OAM communications are discussed at the end.

Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB
Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB

Author: Y.C. Chung

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-05-11

Total Pages: 87

ISBN-13: 0128060956

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Wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM PON) has long been considered as an ultimate solution for the future optical access network capable of providing practically unlimited bandwidth to each subscriber. On the other hand, it is still considered to be too expensive for the massive deployment. To solve this problem and meet the ever-increasing demand for bandwidth, there have been numerous efforts to improve the competitiveness of WDM PON. This chapter reviews the current status and future direction of these WDM PON technologies. We first review various colorless light sources, which are critical for the cost-effective implementation of the optical network units (ONUs), and several representative network architectures proposed for WDM PONs. We then review the recent research activities for the realization of high-speed (>10Gb/s) and long-reach WDM PONs. Various fault-monitoring and protection techniques are also reviewed as they can be increasingly important in the future high-capacity WDM PONs.

Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB
Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB

Author: Peter J. Winzer

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-05-11

Total Pages: 92

ISBN-13: 0128060824

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At the beginning of an exciting new era in optical communications, we review fundamentals as well as practical experimental aspects of MIMO-SDM: we discuss the importance of selectively addressing all modes of a coupled-mode SDM channel at transmitter and receiver in order to achieve reliable capacity gains and show that reasonable levels of mode-dependent loss (MDL) are acceptable without much loss of channel capacity. We then introduce MIMO-DSP techniques as an extension of familiar algorithms used in polarization-division multiplexed (PDM) digital coherent receivers and discuss their functionality and scalability. Finally, we review the design of mode multiplexers (MMUXs) that allow for the mapping of the individual transmission signals onto an orthogonal basis of waveguide mode, and discuss their performance in experimental demonstrations.

Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB
Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB

Author: Loukas Paraschis

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-05-11

Total Pages: 29

ISBN-13: 0128060905

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The increasingly important role of Internet-based, “cloud” service delivery is motivating the evolution of the Internet to a flatter hierarchy of more densely interconnecting networks that shall cost-effectively scale to Zettabytes of bandwidth with improved operational efficiency, under increased traffic variability, and forecast unpredictability. This chapter reviews the implications of this evolution in its underlying metro regional and core transport network architectures, and evaluates the most important innovations in photonics, optical transport, routing, and traffic engineering technologies enabling it. Most notably, 1) a new generation of coherent DWDM systems with more than 2 b/s/Hz spectral efficiency is scaling the existing fiber infrastructure, albeit at a significantly higher proportion, typically more than 50%, of the total transport network cost, while 2) the convergence of IP/MPLS with flexible DWDM promises the most cost-efficient transport evolution, in open architectures that combine advancements in photonics, routing, multi-layer control-plane and management coordination, with interoperability, to improve operation, automate provisioning and restoration, and may optimize network utilization.

Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB
Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB

Author: Jin-xing Cai

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-05-11

Total Pages: 65

ISBN-13: 0128060972

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The increasing demand for capacity has driven the telecommunications community to focus on transmission studies with higher data rates and increasing spectral efficiency. However, high data rates and high SE are particularly challenging for transoceanic cable systems due to their extremely long transmission distances. With the advent of digital coherent receivers, the channel data rate has increased from 40Gb/s to 100Gb/s and beyond; the spectral efficiency has increased from 80% (0.8bits/s/Hz) to the most recent 600% (6bits/s/Hz); and the total capacity has increased from 6Tb/s to the most recent 30Tb/s. This chapter gives an overview of the most recent advances in undersea transmission technology since the last edition of Optical Fiber Telecommunications in 2007 focusing on coherent technology and 100Gb/s transmission.

Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB
Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB

Author: Gee-Kung Chang

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-05-11

Total Pages: 31

ISBN-13: 012806093X

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Radio-over-fiber (RoF) link technology has been developed to support multiple wireless signals over optical fiber applications such as mobile backhaul networks and WLANs. Given that conventional wireless networks use packet-switch links between the central office and remote base stations, the cost and complexity of the high-speed wireless networks for data and video transmission increase exponentially while the area of effective coverage decreases. These wireless systems become more inefficient as the data rates and the carrier frequencies required for delivering multi-gigabit wireless services climb higher. However, radio-over-fiber link systems utilizing lightwave to carry multiple analog RF signals through optical fibers can greatly extend the cellular sizes while transparent to the bit rates, modulation formats, and protocols. As a result, the complexity of wireless system to deliver multi-band, multi-gigabit wireless services can be simplified by taking advantages of microwave photonics in optical wireless network design and system integration. The end-to-end RoF systems, from the generation schemes of 1–100 GHz optical wireless signals in the central office to the design of transceivers for base stations and radio access units, are reviewed and investigated in this chapter. Various radio-over-fiber link technologies and the optical wireless interface specifications required to build a converged multi-service, gigabit wireless access network are introduced. The system impairment and its mitigation of radio-over-fiber link transmission will be investigated and analyzed.

Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB
Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIB

Author: Charles H. Cox

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-05-11

Total Pages: 37

ISBN-13: 0128060921

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The transmission of multi-band radio signals through optical fibers has drawn great attention recently for its potential in cellular backhaul networks, mobile cloud computing, and wireless local-area networks. As wireless services and technologies evolve to multi-gigabit radio access networks, their speed is increased but the wireless coverage of a single access point is inevitably reduced dramatically. As a result, the importance of >10GHz radio-over-fiber techniques has been emphasized for the capability of expanding wireless coverage feasibility, and in the meantime reducing system complexity and operation expenditure, especially in the high-speed millimeter-wave regime. In this chapter, we introduce the radio-over-fiber technique and its challenge of handling optical millimeter-wave generation, transmission, and converged multi-band system. By exploring real-world, system implementation and characterization, the unique features and versatile applications of radio-over-fiber technologies are investigated and reviewed to reach next-generation converged optical and wireless access networks.