"Contents of this Ph.D. dissertation include: Cerebral complications in the neonatal intensive care, Gastro-intestinal complications in neonatal intensive care, Near-infrared spectroscopy, Measurement of cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume by NIRS, Measurement of cerebral oxygenation, Literature review of measurements of cerebral oxygenation and cerebral blood flow using near-infrared spectroscopy in neonates, Continuous measurement of cerebral blood flow and cerebral haemoglobin oxygen saturation with NIRO 300 in Neonatology, Use of NIRO 300 monitor, Measurement of the different parameters, Measurement of normal values of TOI in prematurely born infants, Conclusions."
"This book presents a unique integration of knowledge from multidisciplinary fields of engineering, industrial design, and medical science for the healthcare of a specific user group"--Provided by publisher.
This is a Ph.D. dissertation. Contents include: General introduction, Measurement of intestinal CYP3A4 and P-Glycoprotein activity by a combined oral and intravenous 14C-Erythromycin breath and urine test, Alterations of CYP3A4 and P-Glycoprotein activity in vivo with time in renal graft recipients, CYP3A4 and P-Glycoprotein activity in healthy controls and transplant patients on cyclosporine vs. Tacrolimus vs. Sirolimus, Impact of gastric acid suppressants on cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-Glycoprotein: consequences for FK506 assimilation, Diarrhoea after transplantation: impact on cytochrome P4503A4/P-Glycoprotein and assimilation of calcineurin inhibitors, Discussion.
In this thesis, we examined the monkey cortical regions involved in processing of color, visual motion information, and the recognition of actions done by others. The aim was to gain better insight in the functional organization of the monkey visual cortex using in-house developed functional imaging techniques. Two different functional imaging techniques were used in these studies, the double-label deoxyglucose technique (DG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the awake monkey (Chapter 2). Both techniques allow to obtain an overview of stimulus-related neural activity throughout the whole brain, integrated over a limited amount of time. The results of the color experiments (Chapter 3) clearly showed that color related information is processed within a group of areas belonging to the ventral stream, which is involved in the perception of objects. Color-related metabolic activity was observed in visual areas V1, V2, V3, V4 and inferotemporal cortex (area TEO and TE). These findings set to rest the longstanding controversial claims that color would be processed almost selectively in one extrastriate visual area (V4) (Zeki SM, Brain Res 1973 53: 422-427). These results also show the usefulness of whole brain functional mapping techniques, as a complimentary approach to single cell measurements. In Chapter 4, we investigated which regions in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) of the monkey are involved in the analysis of motion. While the caudal part of the STS has been studied extensively, including area MT/V5 and MST, little is known about motion sensitivity in more anterior-ventral STS regions. Using fMRI, we were able to localize and delineate six different motion sensitive regions in the STS. One of these regions, that we termed 1st (lower superior temporal), had not been described so far. We were able to further characterize the six motion sensitive regions, using a wide variety of motion-sensitivity tests. The results of the latter tests suggested that motion related information might be processed along a second pathway within the STS, in addition to the MT-MST path (which is involved in the perception of heading). This second pathway, which includes the more rostral motion sensitive STS regions (FST, 1st and STPm) is possibly involved in the visual processing of biological movements (movements of animate objects) and actions. Finally, we investigated how and where in the monkey brain visual information about actions done is processed (Chapter 5 and 6). We found (Chapter 5) that, in agreement with earlier single unit results, the observation of grasping movements activates several regions in the premotor cortex of the monkey. Remarkable is that these premotor regions predominantly have a motor function, coding different types of higher order motor acts (for instance grasping of an object). These results are in agreement with earlier suggestions that we are able to understand actions done by others, because observation of a particular motor act activates our own motor representation of the same act. Furthermore, these studies suggested that within the frontal cortex of the monkey, there is a distinction between context-dependent (a person grasping) and more abstract (a hand grasping) action representations. In Chapter 6 we studied two other regions which are involved in the processing of visual information of actions done by others, the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and the parietal cortex. In the parietal cortex, we found a similar distinction between context-dependent and more abstract action representations as observed in prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that the parietal cortex is not only involved in the visual control of action planning, but also in the visual processing of actions performed by others. Based upon anatomical connections between the STS, parietal and frontal regions and motion-, form- and action-related functional properties of the former regions, we tentatively suggest how information about actions done by others might be sent from the STS to the frontal cortex along three different pathways. The latter working hypothesis will be tested in the future by additional fMRI control experiments and by combining fMRI, inactivation and microstimulation experiments while monkeys perform grasping tasks and/or view actions performed by others.
