Numbers and other mathematical objects are exceptional in having no locations in space or time or relations of cause and effect. This makes it difficult to account for the possibility of the knowledge of such objects, leading many philosophers to embrace nominalism, the doctrine that there are no such objects, and to embark on ambitious projects for interpreting mathematics so as to preserve the subject while eliminating its objects. A Subject With No Object cuts through a host of technicalities that have obscured previous discussions of these projects, and presents clear, concise accounts, with minimal prerequisites, of a dozen strategies for nominalistic interpretation of mathematics, thus equipping the reader to evaluate each and to compare different ones. The authors also offer critical discussion, rare in the literature, of the aims and claims of nominalistic interpretation, suggesting that it is significant in a very different way from that usually assumed.
”Demystifies object-oriented programming, and lays out how to use it to design truly secure and performant applications.” —Charles Soetan, Plum.io Key Features Dozens of techniques for writing object-oriented code that’s easy to read, reuse, and maintain Write code that other programmers will instantly understand Design rules for constructing objects, changing and exposing state, and more Examples written in an instantly familiar pseudocode that’s easy to apply to Java, Python, C#, and any object-oriented language Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About The Book Well-written object-oriented code is easy to read, modify, and debug. Elevate your coding style by mastering the universal best practices for object design presented in this book. These clearly presented rules, which apply to any OO language, maximize the clarity and durability of your codebase and increase productivity for you and your team. In Object Design Style Guide, veteran developer Matthias Noback lays out design rules for constructing objects, defining methods, and much more. All examples use instantly familiar pseudocode, so you can follow along in the language you prefer. You’ll go case by case through important scenarios and challenges for object design and then walk through a simple web application that demonstrates how different types of objects can work together effectively. What You Will Learn Universal design rules for a wide range of objects Best practices for testing objects A catalog of common object types Changing and exposing state Test your object design skills with exercises This Book Is Written For For readers familiar with an object-oriented language and basic application architecture. About the Author Matthias Noback is a professional web developer with nearly two decades of experience. He runs his own web development, training, and consultancy company called “Noback’s Office.” Table of Contents: 1 ¦ Programming with objects: A primer 2 ¦ Creating services 3 ¦ Creating other objects 4 ¦ Manipulating objects 5 ¦ Using objects 6 ¦ Retrieving information 7 ¦ Performing tasks 8 ¦ Dividing responsibilities 9 ¦ Changing the behavior of services 10 ¦ A field guide to objects 11 ¦ Epilogue
Reference is a central topic in philosophy of language, and has been the main focus of discussion about how language relates to the world. R. M. Sainsbury sets out a new approach to the concept, which promises to bring to an end some long-standing debates in semantic theory. There is a single category of referring expressions, all of which deserve essentially the same kind of semantic treatment. Included in this category are both singular and plural referring expressions ('Aristotle', 'The Pleiades'), complex and non-complex referring expressions ('The President of the USA in 1970', 'Nixon'), and empty and non-empty referring expressions ('Vulcan', 'Neptune'). Referring expressions are to be described semantically by a reference condition, rather than by being associated with a referent. In arguing for these theses, Sainsbury's book promises to end the fruitless oscillation between Millian and descriptivist views. Millian views insist that every name has a referent, and find it hard to give a good account of names which appear not to have referents, or at least are not known to do so, like ones introduced through error ('Vulcan'), ones where it is disputed whether they have a bearer ('Patanjali') and ones used in fiction. Descriptivist theories require that each name be associated with some body of information. These theories fly in the face of the fact names are useful precisely because there is often no overlap of information among speakers and hearers. The alternative position for which the book argues is firmly non-descriptivist, though it also does not require a referent. A much broader view can be taken of which expressions are referring expressions: not just names and pronouns used demonstratively, but also some complex expressions and some anaphoric uses of pronouns. Sainsbury's approach brings reference into line with truth: no one would think that a semantic theory should associate a sentence with a truth value, but it is commonly held that a semantic theory should associate a sentence with a truth condition, a condition which an arbitrary state of the world would have to satisfy in order to make the sentence true. The right analogy is that a semantic theory should associate a referring expression with a reference condition, a condition which an arbitrary object would have to satisfy in order to be the expression's referent. Lucid and accessible, and written with a minimum of technicality, Sainsbury's book also includes a useful historical survey. It will be of interest to those working in logic, mind, and metaphysics as well as essential reading for philosophers of language.
This book is based on two new nominalistic theses: first, that material things (houses, cats, people, symphonies, and also hair, milk, red, and love) are recurrent types, and second, that things are ontologically incomplete. Using these ideas, simple solutions are offered to a plethora of questions in ontology, philosophy of mind, and aesthetics.
The book shows how digital-interactive television (digiTV) will affect the relation between the broadcaster and the consumer. Standardization processes, technological paradigms, and application development issues will be discussed. The emerging applications, innovations, and future concepts are described in detail. The triangle: content - end-user - technology will be conceptualized to create a vision and to overview provision of services that will be major innovative elments in the world of digital television. From the technical side, eXtensible Markup Language (XML)-based metadata standards are a major element in realizing new innovative concepts in the world of digital, interactive television. This book clearly shows by the introduction of applications and use-scenarios, which conceptual requirements and metadata models are applicable, which metadata subsets are applicable due to resource limitations, which metadata aspects are needed for nonlinear content viewing, etc. The book gives a broad and detailed both visionary and technical overview useful for graduates, engineers, and scientists; and last but not least decision-makers in the broadcasting industry.
In-depth coverage of all new software features of AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT AutoCAD is the leading drawing software, used by design and drafting professionals to create 2D and 3D technical drawings. This popular reference-tutorial has once again been revised by AutoCAD guru Ellen Finkelstein to provide you with the most up-to-date coverage of both AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT. You'll begin with a Quick Start tutorial so that even if you're brand new to AutoCAD, you can get started working with it right away. You'll then move on to the basics of creating drawings, using commands, and specifying coordinates. After developing a solid foundation on the essentials of AutoCAD, the book gradually builds upon early chapters as it covers more and more complex topics and techniques. Presenting the popular AutoCAD reference-tutorial, once again revised by Ellen Finkelstein a long-time AutoCAD instructor and advocate Starts with a tutorial on AutoCAD that covers the basics of creating drawings, using commands, and specifying coordinates Builds on early chapters to cover more complex 2D and 3D drawing techniques, including using layers, creating dimensions, 3D coordinates, solids, and rendering Discusses advanced topics such as customization of commands and toolbars, and programming AutoCAD using AutoLISP and VBA The DVD contains before and after drawings for each tutorial, bonus appendices, and a 30-day trial version of AutoCAD Packed with essential information on both AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT, this resource is a must-have if you're eager to get started creating 2D and 3D technical drawings. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.
This eBook edition of "Immanuel Kant" has been formatted to the highest digital standards and adjusted for readability on all devices. Table of Contents: Introduction: IMMANUEL KANT by Robert Adamson KANT'S INAUGURAL DISSERTATION OF 1770 Three Critiques: THE CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON THE CRITIQUE OF PRACTICAL REASON THE CRITIQUE OF JUDGMENT Critical Works: PRELOGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE METAPHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS THE METAPHYSICS OF MORALS Philosophy of Law; or, The Science of Right The Metaphysical Elements of Ethics Pre-Critical Works and Essays: DREAMS OF A SPIRIT-SEER IDEA OF A UNIVERSAL HISTORY ON A COSMOPOLITICAL PLAN Preface to THE METAPHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NATURAL SCIENCE PERPETUAL PEACE: A Philosophical Essay OF THE INJUSTICE OF COUNTERFEITING BOOKS Criticism: CRITICISM OF THE KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY by Arthur Schopenhauer Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher, who, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is "the central figure of modern philosophy." Kant argued that fundamental concepts of the human mind structure human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our understanding, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is unknowable. Kant took himself to have effected a Copernican revolution in philosophy, akin to Copernicus' reversal of the age-old belief that the sun revolved around the earth.
