This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Chronic lung diseases: pathophysiology and therapeutics provides a much-needed reference tool for pathologists, practicing pulmonologists and researchers who are currently working on lung related diseases. Each chapter addresses a specific lung disease, which it introduces before turning to the disease’s pathophysiology, current treatment and future prospects. Various key lung diseases are covered, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, tuberculosis, chronic pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, cystic fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Medical students and researchers whose work involves pulmonary related disorders will find this work both instructive and informative.
Based on careful analysis of burden of disease and the costs ofinterventions, this second edition of 'Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition' highlights achievable priorities; measures progresstoward providing efficient, equitable care; promotes cost-effectiveinterventions to targeted populations; and encourages integrated effortsto optimize health. Nearly 500 experts - scientists, epidemiologists, health economists,academicians, and public health practitioners - from around the worldcontributed to the data sources and methodologies, and identifiedchallenges and priorities, resulting in this integrated, comprehensivereference volume on the state of health in developing countries.
Chronic diseases are common and costly, yet they are also among the most preventable health problems. Comprehensive and accurate disease surveillance systems are needed to implement successful efforts which will reduce the burden of chronic diseases on the U.S. population. A number of sources of surveillance data-including population surveys, cohort studies, disease registries, administrative health data, and vital statistics-contribute critical information about chronic disease. But no central surveillance system provides the information needed to analyze how chronic disease impacts the U.S. population, to identify public health priorities, or to track the progress of preventive efforts. A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases outlines a conceptual framework for building a national chronic disease surveillance system focused primarily on cardiovascular and chronic lung diseases. This system should be capable of providing data on disparities in incidence and prevalence of the diseases by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic region, along with data on disease risk factors, clinical care delivery, and functional health outcomes. This coordinated surveillance system is needed to integrate and expand existing information across the multiple levels of decision making in order to generate actionable, timely knowledge for a range of stakeholders at the local, state or regional, and national levels. The recommendations presented in A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases focus on data collection, resource allocation, monitoring activities, and implementation. The report also recommends that systems evolve along with new knowledge about emerging risk factors, advancing technologies, and new understanding of the basis for disease. This report will inform decision-making among federal health agencies, especially the Department of Health and Human Services; public health and clinical practitioners; non-governmental organizations; and policy makers, among others.
Targeting Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases Using Advanced Drug Delivery Systems explores the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostics to improve pulmonary disease management, looking down to the nanoscale level for an efficient system of targeting and managing respiratory disease. The book examines numerous nanoparticle-based drug systems such as nanocrystals, dendrimers, polymeric micelles, protein-based, carbon nanotube, and liposomes that can offer advantages over traditional drug delivery systems. Starting with a brief introduction on different types of nanoparticles in respiratory disease conditions, the book then focuses on current trends in disease pathology that use different in vitro and in vivo models. The comprehensive resource is designed for those new to the field and to specialized scientists and researchers involved in pulmonary research and drug development. Explores recent perspectives and challenges regarding the management and diagnosis of chronic respiratory diseases Provides insights into how advanced drug delivery systems can be effectively formulated and delivered for the management of various pulmonary diseases Includes the most recent information on diagnostic methods and treatment strategies using controlled drug delivery systems (including nanotechnology)
This handbook provides clinical guidance to the practicing physician on the diagnosis and treatment of Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD). A contributed work with invited chapters which draw on the knowledge and experience of recognised global leaders in respiratory medicine, it is authoritative, concise and portable and is intended for use in a fast-paced clinical setting. The book: offers practical tips and clear guidance for clinicians provides detailed explanations of the main therapeutic options for each individual ILD contains high-quality visuals, including radiology and histopathology of the most common as well as some of the rarer ILDs discusses individual ILDs and has topics common to all including critical care, lung transplantation and palliative care navigates clinicians through cases with decision making guidelines and algorithms includes appendices with international practice guidelines, sample patient information sheets and other helpful resources. Emphasizing how to perform a thorough assessment of an ILD patient for accurate diagnosis and their subsequent effective management, this is both a gold standard text as well as a daily companion for physicians caring for ILD patients. A first-of-its-kind, it will become the go-to guide for all clinicians who manage patients with ILD.
A Clinical Guide to Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases delivers a concise compendium to the diagnosis and management of occupational and environmental lung diseases, incorporating evidence-based guidelines where available. Each chapter provides an updated review and a practical approach to different occupational and environmental lung diseases. With rapidly changing technology, new conditions and exposures will undoubtedly emerge. Clinicians need to remain vigilant about assessing the potential link between lung diseases and environmental exposures, and this book provides a practical guide to recognize, diagnose, and prevent occupational and environmental lung diseases. Written for practicing clinicians including internists, pulmonologists, and primary care providers, as well as industrial hygienists and environmental regulators, A Clinical Guide to Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases is a timely and important new volume and an invaluable contribution to the literature.
Difficult to Diagnose Rare Diffuse Lung Disease presents the theoretical basis and practical aspects of differential diagnoses of rare lung diseases with the use of new method of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (alveoscopy) of the distal respiratory region. Each chapter describes signs and symptoms of the disease and its typical and atypical manifestations. The book contains full color illustrations, including high-resolution histological microphotographs, CT-scans and confocal laser endomicroscopy images. In combination, these elements make this book an invaluable reference and guide for pulmonary researchers, pulmonologists, radiologists, and pathologists who wish to broaden their spectrum of knowledge in rare lung diseases. Highlights the new method of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (alveoscopy) of the distal respiratory region, opening new horizons in the minimally invasive diagnosis of lung diseases Discusses current treatment strategies in accordance with clinical guidelines, including data from the latest clinical trials Presented in tabular format to aid in the diagnostic process
This book details the benefits of palliative care to improve the lives of patients with serious lung disease and their caregivers. Palliative care is specialized medical care for people living with a serious illness. This type of care is focused on providing relief from the symptoms and stress of a serious illness, and is often described as “an extra layer of support” for patients and their caregivers, as patients with malignant and nonmalignant lung disease experience great symptom burden and have advanced care planning needs. This book has three main objectives: Define the role of palliative care in advanced lung disease Incorporate a patient-centered perspective in describing symptom burden and interventions to improve quality of life Provide current initiatives to expand evidence-based practice and improve access to palliative care Written by leading experts in palliative care and respiratory medicine, the chapters seek to answer those objectives by first defining and describing palliative care, advanced lung disease, and inadequate palliative care in this patient population. Patient reported outcomes, quality of life, and interventions to help deal with the psychological toll of serious illness are then detailed, as well as pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for symptom management. Detailed information is additionally provided on current research studies and management for several lung diseases, including COPD, ILD, Lung Cancer, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Neuromuscular disease, and pediatric lung disease. The more administrative aspects of palliative care programs are then covered with an example of a specialty palliative care program for advanced lung disease and advice on how to address policy that promotes palliative care. Finally, palliative care's role during a pandemic is thoughtfully considered. This book is an ideal guide for clinicians, nurses, hospital administrators, teachers, students to help them understand and fill unmet care needs that many patients with serious lung disease experience.
