"Pleadings' constitute the initial stage of an equity or 'English bill' suite. They consist of the litigant's complaint and, in may but by no means all instances, the defendant's answer or other response (disclaimer, demurrer or plea), along with any subsequent pleadings (principally, the plaintiff's replication to the answer and the defendant's rejoinder to the replication)." -- from introduction.
William Freeman was born in 1645 on St. Kitts in the Leeward Islands. His father was WiIliam Kitts. His family's business was sugar and slave trading. He moved to London in about 1675 and ran his business from there. He married Elizabeth Baxter, daughter of John Baxter and Ann, and had eight children. He died in 1707. Includes business correspondence from 1678-1685.
This introductory text explores the historical origins of the main legal institutions that came to characterize the Anglo-American legal tradition, and to distinguish it from European legal systems. The book contains both text and extracts from historical sources and literature. The book is published in color, and contains over 250 illustrations, many in color, including medieval illuminated manuscripts, paintings, books and manuscripts, caricatures, and photographs. Two great themes dominate the book: (1) the origins, development, and pervasive influence of the jury system and judge/jury relations across eight centuries of Anglo-American civil and criminal justice; and (2) the law/equity division, from the emergence of the Court of Chancery in the fourteenth century down through equity's conquest of common law in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The chapters on criminal justice explore the history of pretrial investigation, policing, trial, and sentencing, as well as the movement in modern times to nonjury resolution through plea bargaining. Considerable attention is devoted to distinctively American developments, such as the elective bench, and the influence of race relations on the law of criminal procedure. Other major subjects of this book include the development of the legal profession, from the serjeants, barristers, and attorneys of medieval times down to the transnational megafirms of twenty-first century practice; the literature of the law, especially law reports and treatises, from the Year Books and Bracton down to the American state reports and today's electronic services; and legal education, from the founding of the Inns of Court to the emergence and growth of university law schools in the United States.
The imposition in 1695 of a new tax on births, marriages and deaths, in support of England's contribution to the Nine Years' War, led to the creation of a full register of the population of London [as of other counties]. The surviving records offer an unequalled level of information on social, family and household structures. In particular, they enumerate entire households by name and status, including children, servants and lodgers. This volume provides an index ro the surviving manuscript assessments for London's thirteen extramural parishes, and complements David Glass's index of inhabitants within the walls, published by the London Record Society in 1966.
Forests and chases were bounded areas where a legal regime separate from the Common Law protected royal and aristocratic hunting proveleges and commoners' rights. Their survival and their history after the Middle Ages is little recorded, yet forest law and customs continued into Victoria's reign, and some still do. In this volume, historians, geographers, ecologists, archaeologists and environmental managers investigate the survival of forests and how they may best be managed in today's world.
