Emerging applications of lignin Lignin has great potential as a sustainable, renewable resource for aromatic molecules that can be used in downstream applications. However, its natural heterogeneity and complexity are substantial barriers to its efficient utilization. Industrial lignin, a byproduct from the pulping and biorefinery industries, is usually burned or directly discharged as waste. This work provides a comprehensive exploration of recent lignin utilization strategies with chapters written by experts from agricultural science and engineering, biotechnology, biology, catalysis, chemical engineering, chemistry, wood science, and other related fields.
This book focuses on the technologies developed for the conversion of all three biomass components, i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, and their constituents, to fuels and high-value products. Both biochemical and thermochemical approaches are reviewed. Additionally, the developed technologies are described in detail and their potential applications as well as their commercial status are discussed. The early attempts to produce fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass feedstock focused solely on the biological conversion of cellulose because the only organism that had been used successfully for commercial production of ethanol, i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, could only ferment glucose, which was obtained from the hydrolysis of cellulose. Hemicellulose and lignin were considered as wastes in these processes and were normally removed in pretreatment processes to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of the remaining cellulose. However, this approach was not economically feasible and as a result, the biorefinery concept was developed. In a biorefinery, in addition to ethanol, various higher-value products are produced from hemicellulose and lignin, which were previously not considered. Consequently, technologies were developed for the fractionation of biomass and conversion of hemicellulose and lignin to fuels and high-value products to improve the economic feasibility. Written and edited by a team of investigators with many years of experience in biomass processing research and development, this book is an informative resource for postgraduate students and researchers interested in biorefinery and biofuel technologies both in academia- and commercial laboratories.
Lignin-based Materials for Biomedical Applications: Preparation, Characterization, and Implementation explores the emerging area of lignin-based materials as a platform for advanced biomedical applications, guiding the reader from source through to implementation. The first part of the book introduces the basics of lignin, including extraction methods, chemical modifications, structure and composition, and properties that make lignin suitable for biomedical applications. In addition, structural characterization techniques are described in detail. The next chapters focus on the preparation of lignin-based materials for biomedical applications, presenting methodologies for lignin-based nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels, and nanofibers, and providing in-depth coverage of lignin-based materials with specific properties—including antioxidant properties, UV absorbing capability, antimicrobial properties, and colloidal particles with tailored properties—and applications, such as drug and gene delivery, and tissue engineering. Finally, future perspectives and possible new applications are considered. This is an essential reference for all those with an interest in lignin-based materials and their biomedical applications, including researchers and advanced students across bio-based polymers, polymer science, polymer chemistry, biomaterials, nanotechnology, materials science and engineering, drug delivery, and biomedical engineering, as well as industrial R&D and scientists involved with bio-based polymers, specifically for biomedical applications. - Unlocks the potential of lignin-based materials with advanced properties for cutting-edge applications in areas such as drug delivery, gene delivery and tissue engineering - Presents state-of-the-art methodologies used in the development of lignin-based nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels and nanofibers - Explains the fundamentals of lignin, including structure and composition, extraction and isolation methods, types and properties, chemical modifications, and characterization techniques
Lignin Conversion Catalysis Authoritative reference providing comprehensive knowledge on the lignin conversion process with recent developments of mechanisms and techniques Lignin Conversion Catalysis: Transformation to Aromatic Chemicals covers the strategy, catalysis, and mechanisms of cleaving lignin linkages to aromatic chemicals and crucially elaborates on the specifics of multiple original lignins. Sample topics covered in the work include: Lignin depolymerization, models, and techniques of various lignins by heterogeneous substrates (such as native lignins, Kraft lignins, and organosolv lignins) Cleavage methods for lignins (such as oxidation and hydrogenation) as well as their main products (such as arenes, phenol, and acid) Relationships among the strategy/method, catalyst, and mechanism when viewed from the cleavage order and the type of corresponding chemical bonds Commercial components of lignin, a globally available raw material with many applications in drug design, polymers, and more Organic chemists, polymer chemists, and chemical engineers can use the valuable information contained in Lignin Conversion Catalysis: Transformation to Aromatic Chemicals to get up to date on this new raw material and understand the various developments that have been made in the field to make it viable for industrial purposes.
A comprehensive reference to the use of innovative catalysts and processes to turn biomass into value-added chemicals Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading offers detailed descriptions of catalysts and catalytic processes employed in the synthesis of chemicals and fuels from the most abundant and important biomass types. The contributors?noted experts on the topic?focus on the application of catalysts to the pyrolysis of whole biomass and to the upgrading of bio-oils. The authors discuss catalytic approaches to the processing of biomass-derived oxygenates, as exemplified by sugars, via reactions such as reforming, hydrogenation, oxidation, and condensation reactions. Additionally, the book provides an overview of catalysts for lignin valorization via oxidative and reductive methods and considers the conversion of fats and oils to fuels and terminal olefins by means of esterification/transesterification, hydrodeoxygenation, and decarboxylation/decarbonylation processes. The authors also provide an overview of conversion processes based on terpenes and chitin, two emerging feedstocks with a rich chemistry, and summarize some of the emerging trends in the field. This important book: -Provides a comprehensive review of innovative catalysts, catalytic processes, and catalyst design -Offers a guide to one of the most promising ways to find useful alternatives for fossil fuel resources -Includes information on the most abundant and important types of biomass feedstocks -Examines fields such as catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, depolymerization, and many more Written for catalytic chemists, process engineers, environmental chemists, bioengineers, organic chemists, and polymer chemists, Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading presents deep insights on the most important aspects of biomass upgrading and their various types.
HANDBOOK of BIOMASS VALORIZATION for INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS The handbook provides a comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on biomass valorization, from advanced fabrication methodologies through useful derived materials, to current and potential application sectors. Industrial sectors, such as food, textiles, petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, generate massive amounts of waste each year, the disposal of which has become a major issue worldwide. As a result, implementing a circular economy that employs sustainable practices in waste management is critical for any industry. Moreover, fossil fuels, which are the primary sources of fuel in the transportation sector, are also being rapidly depleted at an alarming rate. Therefore, to combat these global issues without increasing our carbon footprint, we must look for renewable resources to produce chemicals and biomaterials. In that context, agricultural waste materials are gaining popularity as cost-effective and abundantly available alternatives to fossil resources for the production of a variety of value-added products, including renewable fuels, fuel components, and fuel additives. Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications investigates current and emerging feedstocks, as well as provides in-depth technical information on advanced catalytic processes and technologies that enable the development of all possible alternative energy sources. The 22 chapters of this book comprehensively cover the valorization of agricultural wastes and their various uses in value-added applications like energy, biofuels, fertilizers, and wastewater treatment. Audience The book is intended for a very broad audience working in the fields of materials sciences, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, energy, environment, chemistry, etc. This book will be an invaluable reference source for the libraries in universities and industrial institutions, government and independent institutes, individual research groups, and scientists working in the field of valorization of biomass.
Enables readers to convert lignin using a variety of depolymerization methods and develop it into industrially relevant and functional compounds Depolymerization of Lignin to Produce Value Added Chemicals summarizes the depolymerization and utilization of lignin from different sources and covers the emerging field of biological depolymerization, enabling the reader to identify the high added value of a biomass residue and support him/her in its possible use for mass and niche high impact application sectors. Lignin has great potential to significantly improve the economics of a biorefinery due to its conversion into value-added products. To illustrate, this book includes information on: Feasibility of large-scale implementation of covered technologies, including thermal, biological, and chemical depolymerization, especially in relation to potential industrial applications "Lignin-first" biorefining approach, and potential applications of lignin-derived monomers and their derivatives as bioactives in food, natural health products, and pharmaceuticals Business and market scenarios and challenges that intersect with lignin, along with perspectives on lignin valorization Benefits and drawbacks of a lignin-first approach to biorefining, and techno-economic considerations of lignin and its applications Depolymerization of Lignin to Produce Value Added Chemicals is an essential resource for researchers, chemists, engineers, analysts, and consultants within universities, independent research organizations, and government.
Lignin Chemistry A thorough reference guide to Lignin Chemistry, from inherent structure revealing to transformation into chemicals, fuels, and materials Climate change, driven by rising greenhouse gas emissions, is the defining challenge of our time. Reducing our dependence on non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels will require alternative, more sustainable resources. Lignin, the only widely-occurring, renewable, aromatic bio-polymer in Nature, has a range of application potential in the production of chemicals, fuels, and other industrial materials. Lignin science has become one of the fastest-growing and most significant areas of sustainable chemistry in the world. Lignin Chemistry: Characterization, Isolation, and Valorization presents a systematic, multidisciplinary overview of this cutting-edge field and its current state of research. Beginning with a robust characterization of lignin, the book addresses the isolation and transformation of lignin, as well as the book inspires with a plethora of applications. The result is a critical resource for researchers and professionals in any area of academic or industry where renewable biomass, in particular lignin, has importance. Lignin Chemistry readers will find: Thermochemical and catalytic strategies for lignin conversion Detailed discussion of the valorization of lignin towards biopolymers, nanoparticles, carbon fibers and materials, and hydrogels An authorial team with immense and varied research experience Lignin Chemistry is ideal for chemical engineers, catalytic chemists, biochemists, material scientists, and analytical chemists in industry.
Lignin - Trends and Applications consists of 11 chapters related to the lignin structure, modification, depolymerization, degradation process, computational modeling, and applications. This is a useful book for readers from diverse areas, such as physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering. It is expected that this book may expand the reader's knowledge about this complex natural polymer.
