Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent crime, is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term "proactive policing" to refer to all policing strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes once they have occurred. Proactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States. They are not isolated programs used by a select group of agencies but rather a set of ideas that have spread across the landscape of policing. Proactive Policing reviews the evidence and discusses the data and methodological gaps on: (1) the effects of different forms of proactive policing on crime; (2) whether they are applied in a discriminatory manner; (3) whether they are being used in a legal fashion; and (4) community reaction. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of proactive policing that includes not only its crime prevention impacts but also its broader implications for justice and U.S. communities.
Ways we can make our society more civil, our police more humane, our population more responsible. Sociology. Cuts closer to the bone of truth about the police in America than any book I have read.--NY Times Book Review
THIS IS THE NEWEST VERSION OF POLICE ENCOUNTERS, PLEASE ENJOY!!!This book is written by a former investigator and was designed to give the everyday citizen critical information about their rights when dealing with law enforcement. There might be information in this book you only need to know one time, but that one time could save your life. Case laws are also included.1) What is the difference between a frisk and a search? 2) Did you know that if you were getting patted down (frisked) by an officer and that officer starts manipulating the items in your pocket with his finger, that "pat-down" just became and illegal search? 3) Did you know that if that officer puts his hand in your pockets that "pat-down" just became an illegal search? 4) Did you know that a "pat-down" is to be conducted on the outer layer of your clothing? Police Encounters: Know Your Rights was designed to educate it's readers on their everyday rights. This book is written by a former Investigator, SWAT member, and Hostage Negotiator. As an Investigator I've worked: Street level narcotics and was assigned to a DEA task force (developed informants, conducted surveillance, conducted undercover operations, conducted wire taps) Property crimes (burglary and thefts) Person's crimes (aggravated assaults and violent offenses) Sexual assaults (rapes and sexual assaults against children) White collar crimes (identity thefts and frauds.) As an investigator I've worked God knows how many cases. It's sad, but many of them were crimes against children, we receive too many of those. Anyway, I drafted numerous search warrants in my career to search everything from vehicles to body cavities. I've taken thousands of arrest warrants and conducted about the same number of interviews. I've had people confess things to me from petty thefts to despicable child molestations. And I've received all the information with a straight face and the suspect thinking I was there to show them support. I can't recount how many times I conducted an interrogation and thought to myself, "You need to ask for a lawyer right about now." But, my job was to extract information; so I did. I've participated in more than my share of hot pursuit chases, high risk warrant services (arrest warrant and search warrants), no-knock search warrants, and stand-offs in which I had to negotiate. With that being said, the information in this book is true and accurate with applicable case law to back it up. After each section of this book you will find numerous case laws with brief descriptions that will support what was just stated. Feel free to research the case laws and read the full scenario of what happened to bring about the case law. Also, the "examples" given in this book are taken from actual events so everything is true to life. Police Encounters: Know Your Rights is straight forward and very easy to understand. If you didn't know the answers to the questions asked, then you need to get this book. There is no telling how many times your civil rights have already been violated, and you didn't have the slightest idea. If you have a friend or loved one in college, this is the book for them. If you have brushes with the law, then this is the book for you. There is information in here that you didn't know about, that I guarantee. Now is the time to gain this new knowledge so that you can be mentally aware for you and those close to you. There is information in this book that you may only need to know one time, but that one time can be the difference between freedom and life in prison, or remaining a sexual assault victim or fighting back with the law. The knowledge is here, I suggest you give it a once over because I've personally sent people to prison who didn't know when to ask for a lawyer. Grant, they did the crime, but a lawyer could have helped negotiate a lighter sentence for a confession and cooperation. Don't be one of these people.
In sheer numbers, no form of government control comes close to the police stop. Each year, twelve percent of drivers in the United States are stopped by the police, and the figure is almost double among racial minorities. Police stops are among the most recognizable and frequently criticized incidences of racial profiling, but, while numerous studies have shown that minorities are pulled over at higher rates, none have examined how police stops have come to be both encouraged and institutionalized. Pulled Over deftly traces the strange history of the investigatory police stop, from its discredited beginning as “aggressive patrolling” to its current status as accepted institutional practice. Drawing on the richest study of police stops to date, the authors show that who is stopped and how they are treated convey powerful messages about citizenship and racial disparity in the United States. For African Americans, for instance, the experience of investigatory stops erodes the perceived legitimacy of police stops and of the police generally, leading to decreased trust in the police and less willingness to solicit police assistance or to self-censor in terms of clothing or where they drive. This holds true even when police are courteous and respectful throughout the encounters and follow seemingly colorblind institutional protocols. With a growing push in recent years to use local police in immigration efforts, Hispanics stand poised to share African Americans’ long experience of investigative stops. In a country that celebrates democracy and racial equality, investigatory stops have a profound and deleterious effect on African American and other minority communities that merits serious reconsideration. Pulled Over offers practical recommendations on how reforms can protect the rights of citizens and still effectively combat crime.
Privacy is a growing concern in the United States and around the world. The spread of the Internet and the seemingly boundaryless options for collecting, saving, sharing, and comparing information trigger consumer worries. Online practices of business and government agencies may present new ways to compromise privacy, and e-commerce and technologies that make a wide range of personal information available to anyone with a Web browser only begin to hint at the possibilities for inappropriate or unwarranted intrusion into our personal lives. Engaging Privacy and Information Technology in a Digital Age presents a comprehensive and multidisciplinary examination of privacy in the information age. It explores such important concepts as how the threats to privacy evolving, how can privacy be protected and how society can balance the interests of individuals, businesses and government in ways that promote privacy reasonably and effectively? This book seeks to raise awareness of the web of connectedness among the actions one takes and the privacy policies that are enacted, and provides a variety of tools and concepts with which debates over privacy can be more fruitfully engaged. Engaging Privacy and Information Technology in a Digital Age focuses on three major components affecting notions, perceptions, and expectations of privacy: technological change, societal shifts, and circumstantial discontinuities. This book will be of special interest to anyone interested in understanding why privacy issues are often so intractable.
