This report presents a cost analysis of Lactic Acid production from raw sugar using a low pH fermentation process. The process examined is similar to Cargill process. In this process, raw sugar (sucrose) is diluted and sucrose is hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose (invert sugars). The invert sugars are then fermented to produce lactic acid. The process generates an 88 wt% lactic acid solution in water as final product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) US Patent 20060094093, issued to Cargill in 2006 (2) US Patent 7736514, issued to BASF in 2010 Keywords: Dextrose, 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid, Anaerobic Fermentation, Cell Recycle, Acid Tolerant Bacteria
This report presents a cost analysis of Lactic Acid production from raw sugar using a fermentation process. The process examined is similar to Cargill process. In this process, Lactic Acid recovery from the fermentation broth is realized by trialkylamine solvent extraction in the presence of carbon dioxide. The final product is Food Grade Lactic Acid solution containing 88 wt% of Lactic Acid. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) US Patent 6472559, issued to Cargill in 2002 (2) "Hydrocarboxylic Acids", Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th edition Keywords: Dextrose, 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid, Anaerobic Fermentation, Trialkyl Amine, Sodium Carbonate
This report presents a cost analysis of Lactic Acid production from raw sugar using a fermentation process. The process examined is similar to Corbion process. In this process, the fermentation broth is acidified in order to recover Lactic Acid and the product purification is realized by the use of a solvent. The process generates an 88 wt% Lactic Acid solution in water as final product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) EP Patent 1220827, issued to Purac (now Corbion) in 2006 (2) US Patent 6747173, issued to Purac (now Corbion) in 2004 Keywords: Dextrose, 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid, Anaerobic Fermentation, Calcium Carbonate, Sulfuric Acid
This best-selling resource provides a general overview and basic information for all adult intensive care units. The material is presented in a brief and quick-access format which allows for topic and exam review. It provides enough detailed and specific information to address most all questions and problems that arise in the ICU. Emphasis on fundamental principles in the text should prove useful for patient care outside the ICU as well. New chapters in this edition include hyperthermia and hypothermia syndromes; infection control in the ICU; and severe airflow obstruction. Sections have been reorganized and consolidated when appropriate to reinforce concepts.
The microbial world has given us many surprises including microbes that grow under extremely harsh conditions (122C at 40 MPa), novel metabolisms such as the uranium and perchlorate reduction, and novel chemicals that can be used to control diseases. We continually face new and difficult problems such as the need to transition to more carbon-neutral energy sources and to find eco-friendly chemicals and to find new drugs to treat disease. Will it be possible to tap into the seemingly limitless potential of microbial activity to solve our current and future problems?The answer to this question is probably yes. We are already looking to the microbial world to provide new energy sources, green chemicals to replace those made from petroleum, and new drugs to fight disease. To help us along these paths, we are deciphering how microorganisms interact with each other. We know that microbial populations interact and communicate with each other. The language that microbes use is chemical where small molecules are exchanged among different microbial cells. Sometimes, these chemicals suppress activities of competitors and could be used as antibiotics or may have other therapeutic uses. Other times, the chemicals stimulate complex responses in microbial populations such as fruiting body or biofilm formation. By understanding the conversation that microbes are having among themselves, e. g.
Biosurfactants are structurally diverse group of bioactive molecules produced by a variety of microorganisms. They are secondary metabolites that accumulate at interfaces, reduce surface tension and form micellar aggregates. This research topic describes few novel microbial strains with a focus on increasing our understanding of genetics, physiology, regulation of biosurfactant production and their commercial potentials. A major stumbling block in the commercialization of biosurfactants is their high cost of production. Many factors play a significant role in making the process cost-effective and the most important one being the use of low-cost substrates such as agricultural residues for the production of biosurfactants. With the stringent government regulations coming into effect in favor of production and usage of the bio-based surfactants, many new companies aim to commercialize technologies used for the production of biosurfactants and to bring down costs. This Research Topic covers a compilation of original research articles, reviews and research commentary submitted by researchers enthusiastically working in the field of biosurfactants and highlights recent advances in our knowledge of the biosurfactants and understanding of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in their production, scale-up and industrial applications. Apart from their diverse applications in the field of bioremediation, enhanced oil recovery, cosmetic, food and medical industries, biosurfactants can also boast off their unique eco-friendly nature to attract consumers and give the chemical surfactants a tough competition in the global market. This biosurfactant focused research topic aims to summarize the current achievements and explore the direction of development for the future generation of biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers. Some of the biosurfactant optimization processes presented are well-structured and already have a well-established research community. We wish to stimulate on-going discussions at the level of the biosurfactant production including common challenges in the process development, novel organisms and new feedstock and technologies for maximum benefit, key features of next generation biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers. We have compiled the research outputs of international leaders in the filed of biosurfactant particularly on the development of a state-of-the-art and highly-efficient process platform.
Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature, is essential for physiological growth and over 18,000 research articles have been published describing the role of angiogenesis in over 70 different diseases, including cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. One of the most important technical challenges in such studies has been finding suitable methods for assessing the effects of regulators of eh angiogenic response. While increasing numbers of angiogenesis assays are being described both in vitro and in vivo, it is often still necessary to use a combination of assays to identify the cellular and molecular events in angiogenesis and the full range of effects of a given test protein. Although the endothelial cell - its migration, proliferation, differentiation and structural rearrangement - is central to the angiogenic process, it is not the only cell type involved. the supporting cells, the extracellular matrix and the circulating blood with its cellular and humoral components also contribute. In this book, experts in the use of a diverse range of assays outline key components of these and give a critical appraisal of their strengths and weaknesses. Examples include assays for the proliferation, migration and differentiation of endothelial cells in vitro, vessel outgrowth from organ cultures, assessment of endothelial and mural cell interactions, and such in vivo assays as the chick chorioallantoic membrane, zebrafish, corneal, chamber and tumour angiogenesis models. These are followed by a critical analysis of the biological end-points currently being used in clinical trials to assess the clinical efficacy of anti-angiogenic drugs, which leads into a discussion of the direction future studies should take. This valuable book is of interest to research scientists currently working on angiogenesis in both the academic community and in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Relevant disciplines include cell and molecular biology, oncology, cardiovascular research, biotechnology, pharmacology, pathology and physiology.
This book provides an introduction to biosurfactants produced by lactic acid bacteria, presenting a detailed compilation of their functional properties and structural composition. Microbial surfactants, extensively known as surface-active agents, have created a niche for themselves in the green-chemicals market, thanks to their distinct environment-friendly properties. The demand for biosurfactants in the cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, agricultural and environmental industries is steadily growing, and biosurfactants from lactic acid bacteria possess significant biological properties, making them potentially suitable for antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and various other industrially important applications. Exploring these aspects in depth, the book offers a valuable resource for both postgraduate students and researchers in the fields of food and industrial microbiology.
Plastic Waste and Recycling: Environmental Impact, Societal Issues, Prevention, and Solutions begins with an introduction to the different types of plastic materials, their uses, and the concepts of reduce, reuse and recycle before examining plastic types, chemistry and degradation patterns that are organized by non-degradable plastic, degradable and biodegradable plastics, biopolymers and bioplastics. Other sections cover current challenges relating to plastic waste, explain the sources of waste and their routes into the environment, and provide systematic coverage of plastic waste treatment methods, including mechanical processing, monomerization, blast furnace feedstocks, gasification, thermal recycling, and conversion to fuel. This is an essential guide for anyone involved in plastic waste or recycling, including researchers and advanced students across plastics engineering, polymer science, polymer chemistry, environmental science, and sustainable materials. - Presents actionable solutions for reducing plastic waste, with a focus on the concepts of collection, re-use, recycling and replacement - Considers major societal and environmental issues, providing the reader with a broader understanding and supporting effective implementation - Includes detailed case studies from across the globe, offering unique insights into different solutions and approaches
Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites: Chemistry, Biotechnology and Material Sciences offers considerable detail on the origin of algae, extraction of useful metabolites and major compounds from algal bio-mass, and the production and future prospects of sustainable polymers derived from algae, blends of algae, and algae based composites. Characterization methods and processing techniques for algae-based polymers and composites are discussed in detail, enabling researchers to apply the latest techniques to their own work. The conversion of bio-mass into high value chemicals, energy, and materials has ample financial and ecological importance, particularly in the era of declining petroleum reserves and global warming. Algae are an important source of biomass since they flourish rapidly and can be cultivated almost everywhere. At present the majority of naturally produced algal biomass is an unused resource and normally is left to decompose. Similarly, the use of this enormous underexploited biomass is mainly limited to food consumption and as bio-fertilizer. However, there is an opportunity here for materials scientists to explore its potential as a feedstock for the production of sustainable materials. - Provides detailed information on the extraction of useful compounds from algal biomass - Highlights the development of a range of polymers, blends, and composites - Includes coverage of characterization and processing techniques, enabling research scientists and engineers to apply the information to their own research and development - Discusses potential applications and future prospects of algae-based biopolymers, giving the latest insight into the future of these sustainable materials
