This esteemed academic journal publishes ground-breaking research and innovative discoveries in the fields of science and engineering. With contributions from leading scholars and scientists, the Journal of the Franklin Institute has been an essential resource for over 200 years. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Excerpt from Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania, and Mechanics' Register, 1836, Vol. 21: Devoted to Mechanical and Physical Science, Civil Engineering, the Arts and Manufactures, and the Recording of American and Other Patented Inventions The gauge tube was next introduced into the cistern, the level of which corresponding to the zero Of the brass scale was then arranged, and the point of the scale at which the mercury stood was ascertained, the barometer and thermometer being noted. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania, Vol. 21: For the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts; Devoted to Mechanical and Physical Science, Civil Engineering, the Arts and Manufacturing, and the Recording of American and Other Patented Inventions All the track might have been raised and surfaced off at final grade previous to this time, had the company have had a sufficient number of engines and gravel cars for that purpose. It has frequently occurred during the past year, that not more than one gravel train could be used at a time for want of motive power, when it required at least four constantly in use to have finished the grading as it might and should have been done. The embankments generally, where they are or may hereafter be exposed to the action of the water in the rivers during high freshets, have been protected with riprapping of stone taken from the rock excavations on the line. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Excerpt from Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania and Mechanics' Register, Vol. 21: Devoted to Mechanical and Physical Science, Civil Engineering, the Arts and Manufactures, and the Recording of American and Other Patented Inventions This contradiction between the results obtained by Mr. Faujas de Saint-Fond and Mr. Chaptal is easily explained, for one used hydraulic lime in his experiments, and the other used fat lime. Mr. Chaptal published in 1787 a memoir on the use of the ochreous earths of the south of France. These earths were calcined in a kiln like those used in some countries for burning lime. The kilns are reversed cones from about eight feet eight inches to about ten feet ten inches in height, and are from six to eight feet in diameter at the base: an opening is left near the apex of the cone, through which to withdraw the products of calcination: these kilns are filled by placing alternately, a layer of sea-coal or turf, and a layer of the ochreous earth; the fire is kindled, after a few layers have been placed, and, when it is in full action, other alternate layers are added until the kiln is full. When the lower portion, which was the first heated, is sufficiently calcined, it is withdrawn as fast as necessary, and other new layers of clay and fuel ate successively added above. Thus the burning is continual; the clays heat gently near the top of the kiln, and are subject to a much greater heat in the middle: they gradually cool towards the bottom, by the action of the current of air, after the fuel is consumed. This manner of burning earths, possesses great advantages as I shall have occasion to show. It would be equally advantageous to calcine hydraulic limes in these kilns, because, as we have seen above, it is very important to use these limes soon after they are burned. By constructing several kilns of this kind, there might be as great a supply of fresh lime as could be needed. Mr. Chaptal attributed to iron, a great effect in improving puzzalonas; and he appears to have attributed a very feeble one to alumine. Mr. Vicat says, on this subject, in his memoir: "If, as Mr. Chaptal assures us, clays deprived of iron, and calcined, cannot be employed as puzzalonas, it must be the oxide of iron that acts principally on the silex and modifies it, by the aid of fire in the ochreous earths, as the lime does in the hydraulic limestones: the alumine, therefore, appears to take the least part in these reactions; it does, nevertheless, make part of good puzzalonas." Experiments which follow will show that iron plays no part in the preparation of puzzalonas, while alumine is very active. We shall see. also, that there is another substance which is very active and which has occasioned the divergencies of opinion on the preparation of puzzalona; but I will not anticipate; and will go on with the statement of the various attempts made to produce factitious puzzalona. From experiments made at Cherbourg in 1787 by Mr. de Cessart, it appeared that basalts, obtained in the Department of the Haute-Loire, and pulverized after having been calcined, produced a mortar possessing all the qualities of those made with Italian puzzalona. Analysis shows this basalt to contain in one hundred parts, the following; Alumine, 16.75; Silex, 44.50; Oxide of iron, 20.00; Lime, 9.50; oxide of Manganese, 2.87; Soda. 2.60; Water, 2.00; loss, 2.28. The works in the port of Cherbourg required a great quantity of puzzalona; but the war which broke out with England on the rupture of the treaty of Amiens, raised the substance to an exorbitant price: it was calculated that the price of a cubic metre (35.34 cubic feet) cost, in 1808, more than 400 francs (about $76.00.) About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
