This is an eclectic tome of 100 papers in various fields of sciences, alphabetically listed, such as: astronomy, biology, calculus, chemistry, computer programming codification, economics and business and politics, education and administration, game theory, geometry, graph theory,information fusion, neutrosophic logic and set, non-Euclidean geometry, number theory, paradoxes, philosophy of science, psychology, quantum physics, scientific research methods, and statistics ¿ containing 800 pages.It was my preoccupation and collaboration as author, co-author, translator, or co-translator, and editor with many scientists from around the world for long time. Many ideas from this book are to be developed and expanded in future explorations.
This book is a collection of articles, notes, reviews, blogs and abstracts on Physics. Some are published for the first time here, some were previously published in journals, and revised here. We approach a novel form of plasma, Unmatter Plasma. The electron-positron beam plasma was generated in the laboratory in the beginning of 2015. This experimental fact shows that unmatter, a new form of matter that is formed by matter and antimatter bind together (mathematically predicted a decade ago) really exists. Further, we generalize the Lorentz Contraction Factor for the case when the lengths are moving at an oblique angle with respect to the motion direction, and show that the angles of the moving relativistic objects are distorted. Then, using the Oblique-Length Contraction Factor, we show several trigonometric relations between distorted and original angles of moving object lengths in the Special Theory of Relativity. We also discuss some paradoxes which we call “neutrosophic” since they are based on indeterminacy (or neutrality, i.e. neither true nor false), which is the third component in neutrosophic logic. We generalize the Venn diagram to a Neutrosophic Diagram, which deals with vague, inexact, ambiguous, ill-defined ideas, statements, notions, entities with unclear borders. We define the neutrosophic truth table, then we introduce two neutrosophic operators (neuterization and antonymization operators), and give many classes of neutrosophic paradoxes. Other topics addressed in this book are: neutrosophic physics as a new field of research, neutrosophic numbers in physics, neutrosophic degree of paradoxicity, unparticle and unmatter, multispace and multistructure, nucleon clusters, and others.
Aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate students and researchers working with natural products, Professors Sunil and Bani Talapatra provide a highly accessible compilation describing all aspects of plant natural products. Beginning with a general introduction to set the context, the authors then go on to carefully detail nomenclature, occurrence, isolation, detection, structure elucidation (by both degradation and spectroscopic techniques) stereochemistry, conformation, synthesis, biosynthesis, biological activity and commercial applications of the most important natural products of plant origin. Each chapter also includes detailed references (with titles) and a list of recommended books for additional study making this outstanding treatise a useful resource for teachers of chemistry and researchers working in universities, research institutes and industry.
This book offers a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art theoretical and experimental advances in linear and nonlinear parity-time-symmetric systems in various physical disciplines, and surveys the emerging applications of parity-time (PT) symmetry. PT symmetry originates from quantum mechanics, where if the Schrodinger operator satisfies the PT symmetry, then its spectrum can be all real. This concept was later introduced into optics, Bose-Einstein condensates, metamaterials, electric circuits, acoustics, mechanical systems and many other fields, where a judicious balancing of gain and loss constitutes a PT-symmetric system. Even though these systems are dissipative, they exhibit many signature properties of conservative systems, which make them mathematically and physically intriguing. Important PT-symmetry applications have also emerged. This book describes the latest advances of PT symmetry in a wide range of physical areas, with contributions from the leading experts. It is intended for researchers and graduate students to enter this research frontier, or use it as a reference book.
To honour W C Röntgen and review the entire area of X-ray development in the various fields of natural, technical, and life sciences, his successors at the Physikalisches Institut of the Universität Würzburg organized a conference, named “Röntgen Centennial”. It took place at the new “Physikalisches Institut” not far from the historical site shortly before the actual 100th anniversary of the discovery. Over forty renowned scientists were invited as representative speakers in the various subfields of X-ray activities. They reviewed the development, gave examples, and described the present status. Most of them provided survey articles, which are gathered in this book. Since most X-ray-related activities are somehow represented, an almost complete overview of the entire field is provided. This book thus represents the enormous breadth of X-ray activities and allows one to recognize the potential and quality of today's X-ray research.
This book provides an introduction to localised excitations in spatially discrete systems, from the experimental, numerical and mathematical points of view. Also known as discrete breathers, nonlinear lattice excitations and intrinsic localised modes, these are spatially localised time periodic motions in networks of dynamical units. Examples of such networks are molecular crystals, biomolecules, and arrays of Josephson superconducting junctions. The book also addresses the formation of discrete breathers and their potential role in energy transfer in such systems.